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Advances in research on the major causative agents of morbidity and mortality in newborn alpacas associated with enteric processes in southern Peru were reviewed. Microbiology and molecular analyses performed on intestinal samples from enterotoxemia fatalities confirmed the predominance of C. perfringens type A carrying only the gene

The apnea test is a mandatory examination for determining brain death (BD), because it provides an essential sign of definitive loss of brainstem function. However, several authors have expressed their concern about the safety of this procedure as there are potential complications such as severe hypotension, pneumothorax, excessive hypercarbia, hypoxia, acidosis, and cardiac arrhythmia or asystole. These complications may constrain the examiner to abort the test, thereby compromising BD diagnosis. Nevertheless, when an appropriate oxygen-diffusion procedure is used, this technique is safe. We review here the prerequisites to begin the test, its procedure, potential complications, and the use of alternative ancillary tests. We recommend that the apnea test be retained as a mandatory procedure for the diagnosis of BD. In those situations when the apnea test is terminated by the examiner for some reason or when it is impossible to carry it out in a patient due to the presence of some pathologic condition, alternative ancillary tests should be used to confirm BD.

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Simultaneous or subsequent bilateral thalamic haemorrhage is rare, and most reported cases are from Asian countries. An 80-year-old white Cuban man, with a history of arterial hypertension, suffered sudden onset of right hemiparesis. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a left posteromedial thalamic haemorrhage. Two days later his condition suddenly deteriorated: blood pressure was 220/105 mm Hg, he was stuporous and tetraplegic, respiration was ataxic, and his gaze was fixed and deviated downward and inward. CT scan showed haemorrhages in both thalami, extending to the ventricles. 32 h later the patient died. There are few previous publications of simultaneous or subsequent bilateral thalamic haemorrhages and this is the first report involving a Hispanic patient. Prognosis in patients with bilateral thalamic haemorrhage is poor, and the mechanism underlying the development of subsequent and symmetrical bleeding is not clear.

ResumenSe presenta y analiza información disponible en la literatura sobre la enseñanza efectiva de las matemáticas. Esta información es de utilidad para los docentes que utilizan las matemáticas o que imparten la misma, para que fortalezcan su participación como orientadores en el proceso de enseñanza y de aprendizaje en las matemáticas, de manera que se traduzca en un cambio de actitud de los estudiantes hacia está. Los alumnos motivados tendrán un interés particularmente diferente en lograr su aprendizaje cuando se le motiva para manejar las diferentes materias. Se realizó una recolección de información en diferentes fuentes, se organizó y analizó desde el punto de vista de la motivación, discutiendo los puntos de vista de los diversos autores. Se concluye que para lograr la motivación de los estudiantes se requiere conocer sus necesidades y expectativas para luego dirigir las conductas hacia acciones benéficas para los estudiantes y su contexto social.Palabras clave: motivación, enseñanza de la matemática, formación administrativa, métodos de enseñanza