The present research study was designed to characterize the physiochemical, minerals, phytochemicals, antimicrobial activities and FTIR spectra analysis of various extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves. The physiochemical and mineral content of H. rhamnoides L. leaves revealed that fiber was 18.0 ± 2.64%, protein was 10.45 ± 0.88% and carbohydrate value calculated was found to be 68.75 ± 1%. Sodium was 3,000 ± 1 ppm, calcium was 7,800 ± 1 ppm and potassium was 6,200 ± 2 ppm, referred to as a high concentration while qualitative phytochemicals investigation showed that tannins, phenols and flavonoids were present in large quantity. The highest antibacterial zone of inhibition was observed in aqueous and methanolic extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae (21 ± 1 mm), and the lowest zone of inhibition measured 07 ± 0 mm against V. cholerae (ethyl acetate extracts). The antibacterial minimum inhibitory concentration values of extracts were determined, ranging between 40 to 120 mg/ml, and minimum bactericidal concentration values of the extracts ranged between 50 and 135 mg/ml. The highest antifungal zone of inhibition was calculated against Alternaria alternata (18 ± 0 mm) followed by Aspergillus parasiticus (17 ± 1 mm) of methanolic extract, while A. alternata (07 ± 1 mm) and Penicillium digitatum (07 ± 0 mm) were the least, found in chloroform and aqueous extract, respectively. Further assessment of antifungal minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration ranged between 40 to 135 and 50 to 180 mg/ml, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of all extracts revealed the presence of different functional groups ranging from hydroxyl (OH) stretching for hydroxyl group, alkanes (C-H), alkenes (C=C), aromatic rings (C=O), carboxylic (C=O) and amides (aromatic).
The present study was aimed to isolate and identify micro-organisms load of drinking water of Mardan city, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 27 samples of drinking water were collected from different locations of the study area. Total Plate Count was determined by pour plate method, while total coliforms, total fecal coliforms and E. coli were determined by multiple tube fermentation method. Of the total collected samples, 17 (62.96%) samples were contaminated with either one or more than one type of microorganisms. The results of most probable number test showed that 13 (48.15%) samples were unsatisfactory. It was concluded that the water should be treated before consumption for drinking purpose. Regular assessment of the water quality is recommended as regular monitoring of the water quality for improvement not only prevents disease and hazards but also checks the water resources from becoming further polluted. ECOPRINT 21: 1-6, 2014DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v21i0.11897
The present study was design to evaluate the Mentha longifolia stem, flower and leaves infusion, decoction and hydroalcoholic extracts to determine the bioactive molecules and antifungal activities by zone of inhibition technique, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were assay by broth dilution technique and spore germination assay using Light Compound Microscope against plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus parasiticus, Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria alternata). The Mentha longifolia phytochemicals were found in the range flavonoids 3.8 - 2.4%, saponins were 5.6-3.4%, alkaloids 0.7-0.1% and total phenolic were 40-15 mg Gallic acid/g. The maximum zone of inhibition 23±1 mm and 22±1 mm were found by hydroalcoholic leaves extract against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus parasiticus respectively. The MIC range of hydroalcoholic were 12.5-100 mg/mL, infusion were 25-100 mg/mL and decoction were 25-200 mg/mL. While MFC range of hydroalcoholic were 25-200 mg/mL, infusion were 50- 200 mg/mL and decoction were 50-200 mg/mL. Spore germination assay reaveled that increse in the extract concenetration decrese the spore germination. The results revealed that Mentha longifolia chemical composition might be build up as latent bio- fungicides against plant pathogenic fungi.
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