2D barcodes are taking on increasing significance as the ubiquity of high-resolution cameras, combined with the availability of variable data printing, drives increasing amounts of "click and connect" applications. Barcodes therefore serve as an increasingly significant connection between physical and electronic portions, or versions, of documents. The use of color provides many additional advantages, including increased payload density and security. In this paper, we consider four factors affecting the readable payload in a color barcode: (1) number of print-scan (PS), or copy, cycles, (2) image restoration to offset PS-induced degradation, (3) the authentication algorithm used, and (4) the use of spectral pre-compensation (SPC) to optimize the color settings for the color barcodes. The PS cycle was shown to consistently reduce payload density by approximately 55% under all tested conditions. SPC nearly doubled the payload density, and selecting the better authentication algorithm increased payload density by roughly 50% in the mean. Restoration, however, was found to increase payload density less substantially (~30%), and only when combined with the optimized settings for SPC. These results are also discussed in light of optimizing payload density for the generation of document security deterrents.
In today's world of highly sophisticated technological crimes, criminals including counterfeiters, document forgers, and other parties interested in altering information have a low barrier of entry. To combat these crimes requires developing a level of forensic analysis to aid law enforcement agencies in tracing the origins of documents or materials in question. In this article, the authors use printer forensics in an effort to understand the effect of resolution and character selection on the accuracy of printer identification. Specifically, they use a multiclass ADABOOST classifier to determine which of six printers, representing several ink jet and laserjet models, were used to produce a subsequently scanned image. Their results, investigating six different English characters, show that classification accuracy continues to increase with scanning resolution up to 1200 pixels=in. The results are character dependent, suggesting that different characters may be used for different forensic purposes-printer model, cartridge, and individual printer identification as examples. V
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