Piperazine, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic has acquired an inimitable position in medicinal chemistry because of its versatile structure, which has fascinated researchers to design novel piperazine based molecules having various biological actions. The subsistence of various compounds possessing diverse pharmacological activities in the literature further confirms this fact. Currently available analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with side effects that limit their use. Moreover, the literature reveals the incredible anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of piperazine derivatives along with their method of synthesis, therefore; the present review has been designed to collate the development made in this area that will surely be advantageous in designing novel piperazine based candidates with enhanced efficacy and less toxicity. An extensive literature survey was carried by scrutinizing peer reviewed articles from worldwide scientific databases available on GOOGLE, SCOPUS, PUBMED, and only relevant studies published in English were considered.
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disorder coupled with an array of neuropathological mechanisms, including tau phosphorylation, Aβ aggregation, metal ion deregulation, and oxidative stress, along with neuro-inflammation. The clinically available drugs for the management of AD include four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and one glutamatergic antagonist. These agents provide only temporary relief from the symptoms by altering the neurotransmitter level in the brain.
Objective: Keeping in view the focus on research, the numerous pharmacological activities associated with the aromatic diazole heterocyclic nucleus, imidazole, triggered the medicinal chemist to develop a large number of novel anti-AD compounds targeting multiple pathological mechanisms associated with AD. These prepared analogs represent a higher potential against neurological disorders, including AD. This review article aims an ornately pronounce the therapeutic voyage of imidazole and its analogs as anti-AD.
Method: It emphasizes the synthesized imidazole derivatives as anti–AD with multiple targets reviewed from the data available on Pubmed.
Result: These compounds diminish the pathophysiological aspects of AD; still, further studies are required to prove the safety and efficacy of these compounds in humans.
Conclusion: The review aims to provide knowledge and highlight the status of this moiety in the design and development of novel drug candidates against Alzheimer’s disease conditions. Thus, it paves the way for further work.
The potential derivatives of caprylic acid were subjected to preservative efficacy testing in Aluminium Hydroxide Gel-USP using Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2901, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2063, and Escherichia coli MTCC 1652 as representative challenging microorganisms for antimicrobial effectiveness testing as per USP 2004. The caprylic acid derivative, capryl hydrazide exhibited better preservative efficacy than caprylic acid as well as the standard preservatives, methyl paraben and propyl paraben.
:Piperonal, an important aromatic aldehyde containing the benzene ring fused to 1, 3-dioxolane moiety, is
widely occurred in nature and known for its fragrance similar to vanillin and cherry. Alterations in its structural features
led to the access of a wide range of piperonal derivatives viz. pyrazolines, chalcones, benzothiazepines, benzoxazoles,
triazoles etc. having remarkable pharmacological properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antitubercular
activities etc. Therefore, the present study has been designed to highlight the progress made in the area of piperonal and its
derivatives till date with respect to their synthesis and pharmacological activities. This may facilitate the synthesis of more
novel derivatives with improved biological activities. Various search engines like google, Pubmed, Scopus etc. were used
to gather the related information using different keywords.
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