Zirconia (ZrO) based dental ceramics have been considered to be advantageous materials with adequate mechanical properties for the manufacturing of medical devices. Due to its very high compression strength of 2000 MPa, ZrO can resist differing mechanical environments. During the crack propagation on the application of stress on the surface of ZrO, a crystalline modification diminishes the propagation of cracks. In addition, zirconia's biocompatibility has been studied in vivo, leading to the observation of no adverse response upon the insertion of ZrO samples into the bone or muscle. In vitro experimentation has exhibited the absence of mutations and good viability of cells cultured on this material leading to the use of ZrO in the manufacturing of hip head prostheses. The mechanical properties of zirconia fixed partial dentures (FPDs) have proven to be superior to other ceramic/composite restorations and hence leading to their significant applications in implant supported rehabilitations. Recent developments were focused on the synthesis of zirconia based dental materials. More recently, zirconia has been introduced in prosthetic dentistry for the fabrication of crowns and fixed partial dentures in combination with computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. This systematic review covers the results of past as well as recent scientific studies on the properties of zirconia based ceramics such as their specific compositions, microstructures, mechanical strength, biocompatibility and other applications in dentistry.
The development of novel efficient and robust electrocatalysts with sufficient active sites is one of the key parameters for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) catalysis, which plays a key role in hydrogen production for clean energy harvesting. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials, especially those based upon transition metal dichalcogenides such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), have gained attention for the catalysis of hydrogen production because of their exceptional properties. Innovative strategies have been developed to engineer these material systems for improvements in their catalytic activity. Toward this aim, the facile growth of MoS2 clusters by sulfurization of molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) particles supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) foams using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is reported. This approach created various morphologies of MoS2 with large edges and defect densities on the basal plane of rGO supported MoS2 structures, which are considered as active sites for HER catalysis. In addition, MoS2 nanostructures on the surface of the porous rGO network show robust physical interactions, such as van der Waals and π–π interactions between MoS2 and rGO. These features result in an improved process to yield a suitable HER catalyst. In order to gain a better understanding of the improvement of this MoS2-based HER catalyst, fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of different defect geometries were also performed.
Toxic organic pollutants in the aquatic environment cause severe threats to both humans and the global environment. Thus, the development of robust strategies for detection and removal of these organic pollutants is essential. For this purpose, a multifunctional and recyclable membrane by intercalating gold nanoparticles and graphitic carbon nitride into graphene oxide (GNPs/g-C 3 N 4 / GO) is fabricated. The membranes exhibit not only superior surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity attributed to high preconcentration ability to analytes through π-π and electrostatic interactions, but also excellent catalytic activity due to the enhanced electron-hole separation efficiency. These outstanding properties allow the membrane to be used for highly sensitive detection of rhodamine 6G with a limit of detection of 5.0 × 10 −14 m and self-cleaning by photocatalytic degradation of the adsorbed analytes into inorganic small molecules, thus achieving recyclable SERS application. Furthermore, the excellent SERS activity of the membrane is demonstrated by detection of 4-chlorophenol at less than nanomolar level and no significant SERS or catalytic activity loss was observed when reusability is tested. These results suggest that the GNPs/g-C 3 N 4 /GO membrane provides a new strategy for eliminating traditional, single-use SERS substrates, and expands practical SERS application to simultaneous detection and removal of environmental pollutants.
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