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A B S T R A C TPetroleum compounds appear in the surface and underground water in increasing concentrations. This is due to the emergence of new risks associated with the production, transport, use, and disposal of hazardous waste substances. These pollutants have a strong toxic impact on the organism, hence they should be removed using the most effective methods. This paper deals with the removal of petroleum compounds from water using a combination of classical and membrane methods. Coagulation and reverse osmosis were applied. The study used model water, i.e. distilled water enriched with a mixture of diesel fuel and gasoline. The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of petroleum removal during the hybrid process. The model water was subject to the coagulation process using Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·18H 2 O, then filtered and subjected to the reverse osmosis process. Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in the model water was made after coagulation and reverse osmosis.

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The study aimed to assess the most efficient solution of raw material management in selected biogas plants into the concept of circular economy and evaluate the most efficient solution of raw material management in selected biogas plants due to the quality and quantity of the feed and the final product obtained, which is biogas, as well at the closed circulation (circular economy). The study evaluated two agricultural biogas plants on a real scale and one at the sewage treatment plant (in real scale) in northeastern Poland. A year-long study showed that in technical terms, the best work efficiency is achieved by agricultural biogas plants processing: silage, manure, apple pomace, potato pulp (biogas plant No. 1), followed by biogas plant No. 3 processing chicken manure, decoction, cattle manure, poultry slaughterhouse waste (sewage sludge, flotate, feathers), and finally, the lowest efficiency biogas plant was No. 2, the sewage treatment plant, which stabilized sewage sludge in the methane fermentation process. Moreover, based on the results, it was found that agricultural biogas gives the best efficiency in energy production from 1 ton of feed.