BackgroundThe increased incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Brazil represents a significant public health issue. This issue has raised awareness among health authorities regarding the quality of condoms. In Brazil, male condoms need to be certified. The certification process evaluates in detail the manufacturing and quality of the final product; however, post-market surveillance is not part of the normal certification practice.MethodsFrom 2009 to 2011, we evaluated 20 male condoms brands per lot of 8 manufactures-both domestic and imported-marketed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sampling was performed per ISO 2859–1, and the condoms were evaluated on length, width, thickness, holes, integrity of primary packaging, bursting volume, bursting pressure, label and secondary packaging, following the criteria established in the Brazilian National Health Oversight Agency Resolution no. RDC 62/2008.ResultsOf the 20 evaluated brands, 17 brands were found to be noncompliant with the guidelines of the Brazilian National Health Oversight Agency Resolution no. RDC 62/2008 in at least one of the analyses performed.ConclusionsAny nonconforming unit has serious public health implications.
Este estudo tem por objetivo realizar uma investigação sobre a focalização do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) e seus determinantes imediatos, assim como uma análise quantitativa sobre as famílias beneficiadas. Os resultados econométricos indicam uma relação inversa entre a cobertura do PBF e os níveis de desenvolvimento social e econômico municipais. Há evidências de que municípios com maior qualidade na gestão dos recursos do PBF apresentam percentuais superiores de cobertura. Simulações de políticas sugerem a necessidade de que um direcionamento de políticas para universalização deve envolver esforços tanto para fins de efetivo alcance das famílias elegíveis, mas não beneficiárias, como para reduçãodo vazamento do programa.
The <em>Bolsa Família</em> CCT Program (BFP) has successfully reduced poverty in Brazil. However, the theoretical literature on associated economic incentives is scarce. A mechanism-design analysis identifies problems of adverse selection and moral hazard in the BFP. The paper proposes simple improving incentive-mechanisms. The Citizens’ Contribution Mechanism (CCM) requires beneficiaries to devote time to the PBF encouraging recipients with higher income to leave. The Graduation Mechanism (GM) offers financial incentives to ensure sustainable emancipation of qualified beneficiaries. The Human Capital Incentive Mechanism (HCM) increases transfers to efficient municipalities. We show that the CCM solves the adverse selection problem, the GM solves the moral hazard problem of beneficiaries and the HCM solves a moral hazard problem of local managers. A simulation based on 2010 census data shows that the mechanisms allow, within 6 years, significant increases in the reach and precision of the PBF and yields cost reductions of over R$4.6 billion.
Background:The increase in the incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) represents an important public health problem. The natural latex male condom is a resource available to men and women that fulfills a dual protective function. In Brazil, male condoms are compulsorily certified. Although the certification process evaluates the manufacturing process in detail until the final product, it does not address commercialization issues, as it is a function of the sanitary surveillance.Methods: Two different brands of male condoms, purchased in the Rio de Janeiro city trade (Sample A) (Sample B) were evaluated. The quality control of the male condom involves one important insufflation test, which evaluates the resistance determining the volumetric capacity and the rupture pressure. For the insufflation test, we tested 200 units per brand, according to the criteria established in the Resolution of the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance nº. RDC 554/2021 that allows up to seven nonconforming units.
Results and Conclusion:Both the two brands met the criteria established in the Resolution of the National Health Surveillance Agency no. RDC 554/2021 for the inflation test, which allows up to seven nonconforming units, however, we found nonconformities in both. We conclude that, in addition to certification, there is a need to monitor this product in view of the sanitary risk observed
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.