Increasing the level of automation in air traffic management is seen as a measure to increase the performance of the service to satisfy the predicted future demand. This is expected to result in new roles for the human operator: he will mainly monitor highly automated systems and seldom intervene. Therefore, air traffic controllers (ATCos) would often work in a supervisory or control mode rather than in a direct operating mode. However, it has been demonstrated how human operators in such a role are affected by human performance issues, known as Out-Of-The-Loop (OOTL) phenomenon, consisting in lack of attention, loss of situational awareness and de-skilling. A countermeasure to this phenomenon has been identified in the adaptive automation (AA), i.e., a system able to allocate the operative tasks to the machine or to the operator depending on their needs. In this context, psychophysiological measures have been highlighted as powerful tool to provide a reliable, unobtrusive and real-time assessment of the ATCo’s mental state to be used as control logic for AA-based systems. In this paper, it is presented the so-called “Vigilance and Attention Controller”, a system based on electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking (ET) techniques, aimed to assess in real time the vigilance level of an ATCo dealing with a highly automated human–machine interface and to use this measure to adapt the level of automation of the interface itself. The system has been tested on 14 professional ATCos performing two highly realistic scenarios, one with the system disabled and one with the system enabled. The results confirmed that (i) long high automated tasks induce vigilance decreasing and OOTL-related phenomena; (ii) EEG measures are sensitive to these kinds of mental impairments; and (iii) AA was able to counteract this negative effect by keeping the ATCo more involved within the operative task. The results were confirmed by EEG and ET measures as well as by performance and subjective ones, providing a clear example of potential applications and related benefits of AA.

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This paper describes a real-time feasible track-before-detect process for a scanning pulsed Doppler airborne type radar. Robust distributionfree based ranking is applied in range separately for each Doppler. A dynamic programing process is used to select a "best" tentative track passing through each range, azimuth, Doppler cell. The process sequentially optimizes smoothed rank as the field of view is scanned. Results of a simulation are presented for a system with multiple bursts at a given pulse repetition frequency. Track detections are obtained with probability .5 at a signal-to-noise ratio of about 5 dB for a Rician signal plus noise model as measured at the Doppler outputs.The corresponding false track generation rate is estimated to be 5 x lo-' per processed resolution cell.

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Diesel engine emissions regulations throughout the world have changed dramatically over the last 20 years, with the most stringent phase for medium/heavy duty being implemented starting 2007 -2010. The general perception is, that combination systems including PM reduction devices and NOx aftertreatment, likely SCR will be applied, hence significant additional emissions equipment will need to be added to a diesel engine. The consequences of this will be increased space for packaging and increased cost, to meet the demanding regulations.Traditional substrate technology, while developing extensively for gasoline engines by use of higher cell densities has limitations when applied to CI diesel engines. New developments in substrate and coating technology now enable considerable improvement in the efficiency and packaging space needed to meet certain limit values. A novel approach combining a continuously operating PM-reduction with advanced "turbulent" SCR-catalyst in a special system configuration has been investigated in an engine cell program with a HDDE, demonstrating the capability to approach US 2010 emission limits with an extremely compact and cost effective design. PRE-DEVELOPMENT

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