The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been embedded across psychological and physical frontiers of organizations building up on philanthropy, ethics, regulation, and economy. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence that how CSR gears up various aspects of an organization. The major objective of the present study is to explain the multidimensional catalytic role of CSR in transforming brand equity from brand reputation in the fast-food industry. The study has been designed to get responses through a structured questionnaire to analyze the data through descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Sample size of 420 consumers and employees of international fast-food chains, located in Pakistan, with diverse demographical profiles have been involved for the survey. Three models were developed to understand the aforementioned phenomenon; the first model examines the impact of brand reputation on brand equity, and the second model reassesses the same relationship with moderating role of CSR, while the third model evaluates the associations with each dimension of CSR. The results indicate that brand reputation is a significant predictor of brand equity, and its predictive power boosts up in the presence of CSR activities. It was also ascertained that CSR initiatives related to ethics, economy, and philanthropy expedite the process of conversion from brand reputation to brand equity. The legal aspect of CSR in developing economies could not prove to be fruitful in this particular context. The research would provide great insight to the managers of fast-food retail chains to evaluate investments for CSR activities in raising equity of their organizations.
Wound infection can be defined as invasion of organisms through tissuesfollowing a breakdown of local and systemic host defenses. The basic principles of wound careand antisepsis introduced during the past century improved surgery dramatically. Objective:Evaluation of causative organisms which evolved in the surgical site infection (elective abdominalsurgery) at surgical unit of Liaquat university hospital Jamshoro. Subjects & Methods: Thisprospective observational study was contains 103 patients undergoing elective, abdominalsurgery were included in this study. Surgical wound categories i.e. clean, clean contaminated,were included. Prophylactic antibiotics were given in all cases. Primary closure of wounds wasemployed in all cases. Follow up period was 30 days postoperatively. All cases were evaluatedfor postoperative fever, redness and swelling of wound margins, collection and discharge of pus.Cultures were taken from all the cases with any of the above findings. Results: The mean ageof the patient was 37 years with male to female ratio of 1:5:1. The overall rate of wound infectionwas 13.04%. Most frequently involved pathogen was E.col 33.33% followed by Staph Aureus20%, Klebsiella 20%, proteus 13.33%, Pseudomonas 6.66% and no organism was isolated in6.66% cases. Most effective antibiotics were cephalosporins, quinolones and aminoglycosides’whereas septran, erythromycin and tetracycline’s were ineffective. Conclusions: Surgicalwound infections are quite common. Time of postoperative hospital stay was twice longer ininfected case. Male sex, old age, anemia, longer duration of operation and wound class weresignificant risk factors. Most common organims are found in this study E-Coli, Kllebcella andStaph Aureus, these are mostly sensitive to cephalosporins, quinolones and aminoglycosides.
Aim: The goal of this research was to look at the microorganisms that cause infections on surgical site & their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Study design: Cross sectional study Place & duration: This study was conducted at National Hospital and Medical Center Lahore, Pakistan from December 2019 to December 2020 Methodology: Surgical site infection samples were taken from patients who complained of post-operative discomfort, edema, drainage, and a delayed or non-healing wound. Following routine protocol, two swabs were taken from each patient’s surgery site. After 18-24 hours of incubation at 35°C-37°C, the diameter of antibiotic discs was classified & measured as sensitive (S), intermediate (I), or resistant (R) Results: According to the data, 60 (56.07 percent) of 107 samples acquired from post-operative patients with symptoms of wound infection indicated single isolates, 13 (12.14 percent) revealed multiple isolates, and 34 (31.77 percent) samples revealed no bacterial growth. In all, 86 isolates have been identified, including 29 (33.7%) Gram +ve and 57 (66.3%) Gram -ve organisms. Gram positive bacteria were very susceptible to vancomycin & linezolid (100%) and gentamicin (79.3%), while Polymyxin B (94.7%), as well as imipenem, were extremely vulnerable to Gram negative bacteria (79.3 percent ). Conclusion: The most prevalent organisms identified from the surgical site infection were Staphylococcus aureus (MAAS) and E.coli. Microorganisms, both gram positive and gram negative, acquired resistance to more regularly used medications such as penicillin, cephalosporins, and even cost-effective quinolones, according to the findings of this research. Keywords: surgical site infection, hospital acquired infections, gram +ve bacteria, gram –ve bacteria, antibiotics
Objective: To determine the frequency of the clinical pattern and diagnosis of various types of solid testicular swellings and its management outcomes. Materials and methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was done at the surgery department of Muhammad Medical College, Mirpur Khas. Cases with different presentations raising suspicion about the disease were admitted to the hospital from OPD after recording the detailed history and clinical examination. All the patients presenting with solid testicular swellings underwent inguinal exploration through an incision above the inguinal ligament, regardless of age, were included. After taking verbal informed consent, all the cases underwent testicular biopsies, and specimens were sent to the diagnostic laboratory for histopathological diagnosis. Patients having neoplastic testicular changes were referred, and patients with non-neoplastic testicular swellings lesions were treated conservatively or surgically as per indications. The data and records of all the patients were taken and maintained by the study proforma. Results: A total of 50 cases of solid testicular swellings were studied; their mean age was 48.45+7.23 years. Painless enlargement was present in 70% of cases, enlargement was usually gradual with a feeling of heaviness, followed by painful enlargement in 10.0% of cases. 20(40%) patients were diagnosed as neoplastic testicular swellings, and 30(60%) patients had non-neoplastic swellings. Among 30 cases of testicular swellings, 40.0% had orchitis, 8.0% had trauma, Epididymo-orchitis 12.0%, testicular tuberculosis was in 4.0%, and 1 (2%) had mumps orchitis. All the non-neoplastic lesions were treated successfully and neoplastic lesions cases were referred for further treatment. Conclusion: As per the study conclusion, painless enlargement (usually gradual with the feeling of heaviness) was observed to be the most common clinical feature. However, orchitis, epididymo-orchitis, and tuberculosis of the testis seemed to be the most common diagnoses among non-neoplastic cases. Neoplastic lesions were frequently high. Keywords: Testicles, swelling, features, diagnosis
Aim: To compare the outcomes of laparoscopic Inguinal hernia repair and open Inguinal hernia Shouldice repair. Study design: A randomized controlled trial Place and duration: This study was conducted at Liaquat University of Medical Health Sciences Jamshoro, Pakistan from April 2020 to April 2021. Methodology: In this study comparison of a laparoscopic and open procedure was done. A total of 124 patients were included in the study. A total of 64 patients underwent a Laparoscopic Transabdominal Pre Peritoneal (TAPP) Inguinal Hernia Mesh Repair and 60 patients underwent the Shouldice technique of hernia repair which is an open surgical Non Mesh Technique. The measured Variable were Early Complication, Return to work, Duration of analgesia requirement and Reoccurrence Rate. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26. Results: The rate of complications in both groups was similar. Patients who underwent the laparoscopic procedure mean duration to return back to work was 12 days. On the other hand, those who had the Shouldice procedure mean duration was 17 days return back to work. The mean duration of analgesia intake after a laparoscopic procedure was 2.2 days and after a Shouldice procedure was 2.8 days. Recurrence of the hernia was reported by 3 (4.69%) patients who underwent the laparoscopic procedure and 2 (3.33%) patients who underwent the open procedure. Conclusion: The laparoscopic procedure is a better procedure than the open procedure of primary unilateral hernia repair in terms of early recovery, return to work and postoperative pain. Keywords: Laparoscopy, hernia repair, Shouldice procedure
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