Bacterial cellulose (BC) based on sago liquid waste has been developed to be used as food packaging. This study investigated the physicochemical and mechanical properties of modified BC film and its application as food packaging. The modified BC film performed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a stabilizer and glycerol as a plasticizer. Films were prepared by casting technique using BC as the primary material and composites with various concentrations of CMC and glycerol (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, v/v). BC film was applied as the packaging of meat sausage, and the quality of meat sausage was measured based on weight loss, moisture content, pH, protein content, and total microbial count. The addition of CMC and glycerol influences the physical and mechanical properties of BC composites film. The best mechanical properties of edible BC film were collected by adding 1% CMC and 1% glycerol with a tensile strength of 17.47 MPa, elongation at a break of 25.60%, and Young’s modulus of 6.54 GPa. FTIR analysis showed the characteristic bands of BC, and the addition of CMC and glycerol slightly changed the FTIR spectrum of the composites. The utilization of modified BC-based sago liquid waste film as the packaging of meat sausage could maintain sausage quality during 6 days of storage at room temperature. Therefore, edible BC film has the potential to be used as food packaging.
Endophytic fungi are able to synthesize secondary metabolites that act as antimicrobial compounds to protect the host plant from pathogenic microbes. In the present study, endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius was characterized and their antibacterial activity was assessed. Characterization of endophytic fungi isolates was carried out based on morphological characteristics of macroscopic (colony) and microscopic. Antibacterial activity test was conducted by well diffusion method using 2 bacterial indicators, namely Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive bacteria). Six endophytic fungi were isolated from A. ilicifoliusleaves and 5 isolates among them had antibacterial activity, namely isolates DT1, DT3, DT4, DT6 and DST1 with broad-spectrum activity. Five endophytic fungi identified belonged to 3 genera; DT1 and DT4 are identical to the Genus Geotricum, DST1and DT6 are identical to the Genus Humicola and DT3 is identical to the Genus Aspergillus. This study demonstrates an interesting bottom-up approach to the discovery of new antibacterial compounds.
The mangroves are among the most at-risk coastal ecosystems, which are especially vulnerable to sea-level rise. This study aimed to know the growth capacity and biochemical defense of mangrove seedlings of Rhizophora mucronata under different sea water logging at experimental condition in Kendari bay, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Results showed that maximum leaf area, intrinsic rate increase of leaf area and relative growth rate (RGR) of height of the R. mucronata seedlings were significantly higher at treatment of 45 cm from the ground than other treatments, whereas RGR of diameter was the higher at treatment of 30 cm from the ground. Meanwhile, half expansion period leaf area was almost similar for all treatment. However, the carbon and nitrogen ratio in leaves of R. mucronata seedlings was significantly higher at seawater logging of 0 cm from the ground. The flavonoid and vitamin C concentrations in R. mucronata seedlings were higher at higher level inundation indicating protective role of these compounds under seawater logging stress.
Apis cerena; is as wild bee or honey bee, widespread in almost all regions of Indonesia, these bee economic value as the honey it produces. Indonesian people, especially in Tanjung Peropa Southeast Sulawesi who use bees as a honey-producing source maintain honey bees with a honeycomb claim system that lives in hives in forested trees or found in people’s homes. Until now, there is no breeding or breeding business. Wobachia is endosimbiont which was infected Artrophoda, including insects, which can influence the dynamics of these insects population and can reduce insect perform and viability. Therefore, molecular detection of the presence of Wolbachia in Apiscerena is important. The COI gene is a gene proposed as an animal barcode. There is evidence of primer use of the COI gene as a barcode which is often contaminated with Wolbachia COI gene which is not a target. The individual bee was extracted the genome DNA using the CTAB (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) method, and then the cytochrome oxidase gene (COI) was umplified using an animal barcode primer. The amplification results are then sequenced and then characterized. Using Wolbachia COI gene data available on GenBank as a comparison, reconstruction of phylogenetic tree of Wobachian base on COI nucleotide sequences, so the position taxon of Wolbachia shall be determine. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction make with a Neiberjoining method with the Kimura 2-meter models and 1000x boostrapped. The results showed that the Wobachi COI gene was successfully amplified by these primer animal barcode, along 701bp. A proof that wild bees have been infected by Wolbachia. The findings of this study prove that PCR method are very sensitive to be used to detect existenceWolbachia in bees. This also means that the primer used to reveal animal barcodes, specifically vertebrates, can also amplify the Wolbachia gene; a Rickettsia. The gene has special characteristics, namely 633 base pairs (bp) conserved, and 24 bp variable nucleotides. Of these there are 12 nucleotides which unique for Wobachians who infected A.cerena from Tanjung Peropa, Kendari Southeast Sulawesi. Base N composition dominated of Timine. The phylogenetic tree showed that Wolbachia from Apis cerena, is closely related to Wolbachia endosymbiont Hymenoptera, with 99% of boostrapped value.
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