This study estimated the economic value of the shark-diving industry in Semporna, the most popular diving destination of Malaysia, by surveying the expenditures of diving tourists and dive operators through the region. A willingness-to-pay survey was also used to estimate the potential of the industry as a financing mechanism for enforcement and management of a hypothetical Marine Protected Area (MPA) to conserve shark populations. The study showed that in 2012, shark-diving tourism provided direct revenues in excess of USD 9.8 million to the Semporna region. These economic benefits had a flow-on effect, generating more than USD 2 million in direct taxes to the government and USD 1.4 million in salaries to the community. A contingent valuation analysis indicated that implementation of a fee paid by divers could generate over USD 2 million for management and enforcement of the MPA each year. These findings suggest that shark diving is an important contributor to the economy of the Semporna region that could be used as a mechanism to assist financial resourcing for management and conservation strategies.
Background-Indonesia is now the world leading seaweed producer. In year 2008, Indonesia was producing 214,505.9 metric tons of dried seaweed but by 2012 it is tripled to 651,485.4 metric tons. There is an abundance of literature explaining the correlation (and causality) between exponential growths of seaweed industry in south Sulawesi and the government protection policies or the heavy subsidizations. Relationship between the availability of abundance cheap laborers consist of women, child labor (mobilization of factors endowment) and the impressive growth in seaweed farming is largely unexplored? The Objective of this paper is to identify the determinants of women's participation in seaweed farming in south Sulawesi. Data and Methodology-We spent seven days in Makassar city and travelled daily to five Kecamatan located at the coastal areas in the Regency of Jeneponto-where seaweed cultivation success were primarily driven by participation of women (by OXFAM, 2013). Various explanatory variables (introduced simultaneously) in a multivariate framework estimated their independent effect on women participation in seaweed farming. Results-the Logistic Regression Model shows that variables significance in explaining women participation in both paid (when she worked at her relative farms) and unpaid (working at her husband or brother's farm) at 10% significance level are AGE, WRKPER (number of family members in labor market) and HSYINC (Monthly Household Income including remittance).
41 42This study estimated the economic value of the shark-diving industry in Semporna, the most popular 43 diving destination of Malaysia, by surveying the expenditures of diving tourists and dive operators 44 through the region. A willingness-to-pay survey was also used to estimate the potential of the industry 45 as a financing mechanism for enforcement and management of a hypothetical shark sanctuary. The 46 study showed that in 2012, shark-diving tourism provided direct revenues in excess of USD 9.8 million to 47 the Semporna district. These economic benefits had a flow-on effect, generating more than USD 2 48 million in direct taxes to the government and USD 1.4 million in salaries to the community. A contingent 49 valuation analysis indicated that implementation of a fee paid by divers could generate over USD 2 50 million for management and enforcement of a shark sanctuary each year. These findings suggest that 51 shark diving is an important contributor to the economy of the Semporna region that could be used as a 52 mechanism to assist financial resourcing for management and conservation strategies. 53 54 55 56
On 17 April 2007 the Queensland government established a Reform Commission to consider the compulsory amalgamation of local councils. On 27 July 2007 the Commission recommended a program of compulsory amalgamation that would reduce the number of local councils from 157 to 73. These recommendations were passed into law amidst great acrimony in the early hours of 10 August. This paper provides a critical evaluation of the arguments for amalgamation presented by the Commission in the light of the scholarly literature on local government mergers.
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