Shark-diving tourism as a financing mechanism for shark conservation strategies in Malaysia

Vianna, Gabriel M. S.; Meekan, Mark; Rogers, Abbie A.; Kragt, Marit; Alin, James M.; Zimmerhackel, Johanna S.

doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.3481

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…, Vianna et al. ). Examples include MPAs in New Zealand (Costello ), the Philippines (Arin and Kramer ), and Gulf of California, Mexico (Wielgus et al.…”

Section: The Market Benefits Of Marine Protected Areasmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Generally, economic benefits to fisheries are experienced as increased revenue per unit of fishing effort, or reduced effort and cost per unit of fish caught. Marine protected areas can also increase income opportunities outside of fishing (Basurto et al 2016), in particular, by increasing tourism revenues (Sala et al 2013, Vianna et al 2018. Examples include MPAs in New Zealand (Costello 2014), the Philippines (Arin and Kramer 2002), and Gulf of California, Mexico (Wielgus et al 2008).…”

Section: The Market Benefits Of Marine Protected Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They found respondents were willing to pay a personal tax of €1-€10 to ban trawling in all known coral areas. In another example, it was estimated that divers visiting a popular destination in Malaysia were willing to pay a fee for establishment and enforcement of a shark sanctuary that would generate over US$2 million per year (Vianna et al 2018).…”

Section: Quantifying the Non-market Benefits Of Marine Protected Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another example, it was estimated that divers visiting a popular destination in Malaysia were willing to pay a fee for establishment and enforcement of a shark sanctuary that would generate over US$2 million per year (Vianna et al. ).…”

Section: The Non‐market Benefits Of Marine Protected Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating the economic benefits and costs of highly‐protected marine protected areas

et al. 2019

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an increasingly popular, but debated, management strategy to conserve marine biodiversity and ensure sustainable human use of the oceans. Economic studies can contribute to the debate about MPAs as a management option by evaluating their benefits and costs to society. In this paper, we outline how to evaluate the economic benefits and costs of MPAs and provide examples from the literature to demonstrate the methods described. We review challenges and opportunities of different economic methods. One key challenge is to meaningfully compare market and non‐market benefits of MPAs—this comparison is complicated by the scarcity of studies that quantify the non‐market benefits of MPAs. Another key challenge is to quantify how the value of marine areas may change with and without MPAs. Costs are often easier to estimate than benefits, but some costs—such as maintenance and compliance costs—are rarely recognized. Analytical choices will influence the identified economic costs and benefits of MPAs. For example, the spatial extent of analyses will influence what changes in underlying ecological processes are captured and conclusions about the equitable distribution of costs and benefits across society. For these reasons, it is important that managers are aware of the challenges and opportunities described here, so that they can obtain and use the best‐quality economic information to guide decision making about MPAs.

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“…, Vianna et al. ). Examples include MPAs in New Zealand (Costello ), the Philippines (Arin and Kramer ), and Gulf of California, Mexico (Wielgus et al.…”

Section: The Market Benefits Of Marine Protected Areasmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Market Benefits Of Marine Protected Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantifying the Non-market Benefits Of Marine Protected Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Non‐market Benefits Of Marine Protected Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Estimating the economic benefits and costs of highly‐protected marine protected areas

et al. 2019

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“…One option is setting prices based on the average costs of compensatory conservation, such as habitat protection [44], invasive species eradication [34], [64], [65], or bycatch reduction technologies (BRTs) and payments for ecosystem services in smallscale fisheries [30]. Alternatively, societal values for bycaught species could be inferred using benefit transfer methods, based on tourist expenditures or public willingness-to-pay surveys [66]- [69].…”

Section: Pricing Leviesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bycatch levies could reconcile trade-offs between blue growth and biodiversity conservation

et al. 2021

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Economic activities in the ocean (i.e. the 'blue economy') provide value to society, yet also jeopardise marine ecosystems. For example, fisheries are an essential source of income and food security for billions of people, yet bycatch poses a major threat to marine biodiversity, creating trade-offs between economic growth and biodiversity conservation. This paper explores bycatch levies as a market-based instrument for reconciling these trade-offs. We outline the theory and practice of bycatch levies, to demonstrate how they could incentivise bycatch prevention and raise revenue for compensatory conservation, provided they are well-designed, as part of a policy mix for sustainable and equitable ocean governance. We then explore ways forward for mainstreaming bycatch levies in to the blue economy. While compensatory bycatch mitigation has been controversial, increasing adoption of net outcome approaches to biodiversity conservation suggests they could become mainstreamed within the next decade. Bycatch levies could raise millions of dollars towards closing global biodiversity financing gaps; delivering net outcomes for biodiversity under the UN Biodiversity post-2020 framework whilst enabling blue growth, and moving towards win-wins for economic welfare and biodiversity conservation.

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Elasmobranch fishing and trade in Sarawak, Malaysia, with implications for management

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Chaya²,

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et al. 2021

Aquatic Conservation

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1. Many shark and ray (elasmobranch) species are threatened with extinction, due to overfishing and commercial trade 2. Sarawak is situated in Malaysian Borneo in the Coral Triangle: a global priority region for elasmobranch conservation. Malaysia is the world's eighth largest elasmobranch fishing nation, and Sarawak is one of Malaysia's largest fishing states, yet there are limited species-specific data on catch and trade of elasmobranchs to support conservation and fisheries management decisions. 3. This study presents landing site and market survey data, collected in Sarawak from January 2017 to December 2019. Geographical, temporal and operational trends in volumes of catch and trade are explored; the total volume, value and species composition of Sarawak's local elasmobranch markets is estimated; and simple size-based indicators are used to assess the sustainability of elasmobranch utilization for several conservation-priority and frequently traded species, including Critically Endangered and CITES-listed scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) and bottlenose wedgefish (Rhynchobatus australiae).4. The results conservatively estimate that >26,500 elasmobranchs (90,000 kg) are locally traded in Sarawak annually, worth US$125,000 per year at the market level. 5.Trade is dominated by small to medium-sized coastal requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae) and stingrays (Dasyatidae), with endangered and CITES-listed species making up 26% and 32% of total landings and trade, respectively. 6. High proportions of immature individuals were recorded, with evidence of overfishing for several species, based on simple size-based indicators.7. Several options are outlined for improving management of elasmobranch fishing and trade in the future, including spatio-temporal closures and live release protocols, which could help to reduce the mortality of critically endangered species and implement CITES. Such measures could have large conservation impacts with limited socio-economic cost, since these species make up <5% of the total value of the elasmobranch market. However, management plans need to be co-designed with full participation of affected coastal communities in order to be ethical and effective.

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Shark-diving tourism as a financing mechanism for shark conservation strategies in Malaysia

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Estimating the economic benefits and costs of highly‐protected marine protected areas

Estimating the economic benefits and costs of highly‐protected marine protected areas

Bycatch levies could reconcile trade-offs between blue growth and biodiversity conservation

Elasmobranch fishing and trade in Sarawak, Malaysia, with implications for management

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