This study was undertaken to investigate the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L) and detoxifying these drastic effects by using prebiotics (β-glucan). A total of six treatments were used, including a control diet (G1) that had different combinations of AFB1 and/or 1% β-glucan. This included a diet with only β-glucan (G2), 4 mg AFB1 kg dw -1 diet with β-glucan (G3) or without (G5) and 6 mg AFB1 kg dw -1 diet with β-glucan (G4) or without (G6).These diets were offered 6 days a week at 3% daily of actual biomass in fiberglass aquaria in duplicate (2 aquaria treatment -1 ) for 60 days. Several endpoints at different levels of biological organisations were evaluated. These included DNA damage (using comet assay), haematological parameters, histopathological changes of the liver and kidney were also examined and growth performance. Results revealed significantly increase (P<0.05) of DNA damage in AFB1 groups (G5 and G6) compared to AFB1 plus β-glucan groups (G3 and G4). The haematological parameters showed significant differences between AFB1 groups (G5 and G6) and AFB1 plus β-glucan groups (G3 and G4). Histopathological changes revealed damage to liver and kidney tissues in AFB1 groups. Different levels of AFB1 significantly (P<0.05) affect the final average of fish weight in G5 and G6 compared to G3 and G4. Interestingly specific growth rate (%) of fish was lowered in AFB1 groups (G5 and G6) compared to AFB1 plus 1% β-glucan groups (G3 and G4). In conclusion, β-glucan, found to be a successful agent protected against the genotoxicity induced by AFB1 and effectively alleviate lesions of AFB1. Therefore, obtained results recommended adding 1% β-glucan as fish feed additives.
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a commercial ß-glucan against acute toxic effect of copper sulfate on common carp Cyprinus carpio L. behavioral, hematological parameters and biochemical tests. A total of 250 Fish (150 ± 2 g) were fed a basal control diet or the basal diet plus a ß-glucan (1 g kg-1 diet) for 60 days. LC50 was calculated for 72 h which was 10.83 mg L-1. At the end of the trial, CuSO4.5H2O was added to all treatments at a dose of 5 mgL-1 for T1 and T2, 7mg L-1 for T3 and T4, 9 mgL-1 for T5 and T6 for 96h. Fish behavioral changes were recorded during 96h of exposure to different Cu concentrations with and without β-glucan, which showed abnormalities such as increase swimming activity, jerky movement, loss of equilibrium, respiratory stress, increase operculum movement, frequent jumping, erratic swimming and swimming near the water surface. On the other hand, ß-glucan supplemented groups showed significant increase (P≤0.05) in Hb concentration, PCV%, RBC and WBC count in comparison with groups without ß-glucan. The results of dietary groups without ß-glucan showed a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) in Hb concentration, hematocrit value, RBC count, but there were significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in WBC count with an increase of Cu concentration compared to control groups. Results showed significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in dietary groups without ß-glucan in values of ALT, AST and ALP enzymes activity with elevation of Cu levels compared to control group. But, ß-glucan supplemented groups showed significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in values of ALT, AST and ALP enzymes activity in comparison with dietary groups without ß-glucan. These results suggested that β-glucan has protective effect against CuSO4 toxicity and future studies should be pursued particularly immune response and molecular studies
The aim of this study was to isolate motile aeromonad strain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) which was obtained from farms around Baghdad and identification of the isolate by using Analytical profile index API20E. Experimental infection was carried out by intramusculer injecting LD50 does 0.3× 108.66 cell/fish into common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Infected fish after 14 days of injection showed hemorrhage and ulceration on the body surface, eye abnormalities and accumulation of red-colored ascetic fluid . Macroscopically pale liver with hemorrhagic and necrotic spots was seen and kidney showed liquefaction. Microscopically severe necrotic changes in muscular structure and internal organs with intense polymorphonuclear cell. Infiltration characterized by of pyknosis of nuclei with presence of cellular detritus were seen.
The aim of our study was to evalute the effect of chitosan on non- specific immunity and survival rate of Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 80 common carp (36.4 ± 0.73 g) were devided into four dietary groups: The first group (G1) was served as control fed on chitosn-free diet, the second group (G2) was fed on diet supplemented with 0.75% chitosan, the third group (G3) was fed on diet supplemented with 1.5% chitosan and the fourth group (G4) was fed on diet supplemented with 2% chitosan for 45 days. After 45 day of feeding trail, 6 fish per treatment were sampled for immunity determination (respirotary burst activity, bacteriocidal actvity and lysozyme arctivity). 36 fish in all treatment groups were challenged intramusculary with Aeromonas hydrophila on day 45. The results indicated that the fish fed on diet containing 2% chitosan (G4) had the significant increased (P<0.05) in respirotary burst activity, bacteriocidal actvity and lysozyme arctivity compared to control group and to other treatment groups, followed by G3 and G2 respectively. Also, G4 showed highest resistance to challenged A. hydrophila compared to other groups. Control group (G1) showed the decreased performance in all non sepecific immune parameters and simultaneously increased in mortality rate. Therefore, these results indicate that 2% chitosan as addititive fed could be used as prophylactic in common carp culture to enhance the protection against any possible infection by A. hydrophila which is useful for practical fish culture.
The presence of lactobacilli were investigated in the intestine of 50 fish specimens common carp cyprinus carpio weight rang between 400-1500g in weight from commercial farms in north of Baghdad through period of September to December 2010. All isolates were Gram positive ,catalase negative short rod usually non motile and non sporulating bacteria that produce lactic acid as a major or sole product of their fermentative metabolism.The obtained data showed that various species of lactic acid bacteria were found with high levels in total number about 104-107CFU/g of intestinal content, physiological and biochemical characteristics of 8 strains isolated from intestine J1, J3, J4, J6, J7, J8, J9, J10 that can be categorized in two metabolic group facultative and obligate heterofermentation ,also all isolates were resistante to all antibiotic sensitivity OA2A –p Disc except isolates J1, J3, J4, J8, J9 were sensitive to erythromycin in concentration 60mcg .The aim of this study was to characterize of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of common carp Cyprinus carpio to be used as probiotic.
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