The main objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of crude extract of the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (Banaba). In vitro MCF-7 cell line and in vivo brine shrimp lethality bioassay methods were followed to investigate the cytotoxicity of the selected sample. In this study, the qualitative phytochemical assessment demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, glycosides, saponins, terpenes, steroids, phenols and flavonoids in Banaba extract. Moreover, the present findings revealed the non-cytotoxic nature of L. speciosa leaves extract on both MTT-assay and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 45-49, 2019

Eclipta alba is a medicinal herb belonging to the family of Asteraceae. Locally it is known as Kalokeshi and has a history of ethno-medicinal properties. The crude ethanolic extract of E. alba leaves was partitioned successively by solvents of different polarities. The crude extract along with different partitionates was evaluated for their possible antimicrobial, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities. In this study, n-hexane soluble fraction (HXSF) showed 55.56% maximum activity against thrombosis in comparison with streptokinase (SK) 62.67%. For hypotonic solution- and heat-induced conditions, the n-hexane soluble fractionate (67.35 ± 0.50%) significantly inhibited the haemolysis of HRBCs by 67.35 ± 0.50% and 62.12 ± 0.69%, respectively as compared to the standard acetyl salicylic acid (77.91 ± 0.29%). The ethanol extract of the plant showed higher inhibitory action against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas fluroescens. The total flavonoid content was quite significant in ethanolic extract (142.17 ± 0.15 mg/g). Hence, the results of the present study revealed that the leaves of this traditional medicinal plant are a remedy for thrombosis, red blood cell membrane stabilization and microbial infections against some human pathogens.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 14(2): 207-213, 2015 (December)

Spondias pinnata is a medicinal herb belonging to the family of Anacardiaceae. Locally it is known as Amra and has a history of ethno-medicinal properties. The crude ethanolic extract along with different partitionates of the leaves of S. pinnata were evaluated for their possible thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities. The activities of the leaf extract were evaluated by using standard drugs; streptokinase for thrombolytic and acetyl salicylic acid for anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, among all partitionates the ethyl acetate soluble fraction showed highest % of clot lysis (58.06%) as compared to (69.23%) and (3.03%) exhibited by the standard streptokinase and water. On the other hand, ethyl acetate soluble fractionates also significantly inhibits the haemolysis of human erythrocyte membrane both in induced by hypotonic solution (65.33 ± 0.50%) and by heat (56.22 ± 0.69%), respectively as compared to (75.92 ± 29%) and (71.12 ± 0.26%) demonstrated by acetyl salicylic acid. Our study revealed that satisfactory amount of flavonoid content (132.27 ± 0.25) showed a significant and positive correlation between total flavonoid content with thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities.

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The present study was carried out to investigate phytochemical, antioxidant; antimicrobial, thrombolytic activity and estimate total phenolic, total flavonoid content of Pandanus odoratissimus (p.odoratissimus) leaves of methanol extract. In thrombolytic activity, aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF) exhibited highest percentage (46.58 %) of potential to lyse blood clot compared to standard drug streptokinase (69.52 %). In antimicrobial assay, dichloromethane soluble fraction (DCMSF) explored the highest diameter of clear zone of inhibition against both gram positive (19.60 ± 0.12 mm) and gram negative (20.00 ± 0.20 mm) bacteria compared to standard antibiotic, Kanamycin (50.00 ± 0.19). Levels of antioxidant were determined by DPPH assay followed by calculated IC50 values of different Kupchan extracts. The methyl soluble fraction (MSF) showed the lowest level of IC50 value (36.70 ± 0.32 µg/mL) in comparison to ascorbic acid (12.48 ± 0.09 µg/mL) while MSF disclosed the maximum level (62.19 ±  0.26 mg of GAE/g of extract) of total phenolic content in the extracts of P. odoratissimus. This study was conducted to validate the P. odoratissimus leaves used as a folk medicine such as, antioxidant, thrombolytic, and antimicrobial potential.

Neuroinflammation has been closely linked to neurodegeneration that leads to dysfunction of memory and learning where glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) plays important role positively within hippocampus. In experimental neurodegeneration achieved by two-vessel occlusion (2VO) intervention, Nigella sativa (L.) seeds extract (50 mg/kg/day orally) has shown to have anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant properties. The brain hippocampal tissues were humanely collected at the end of 10th treatment week and preserved in Allprotect™ reagent at -80°C. Total RNA was extracted and purified by phenol/chloroform method using kits and reverse transcribed into cDNA and relatively quantified as per ∆∆Cq. The NSSE treatment showed significantly (p<0.001) different relative GFAP mRNA expression in the treated group as compared to that of untreated 2VO whilst it was insignificantly (p>0.5) different to that of healthy control (HC). Prolonged or daily treatment with NSSE (Nigella sativa (L.) seeds extract) may provide moderate anti-neuroprotective activity within hippocampus.

The aim of the research has been focused on the phytochemical investigation of the plants which have ethnobotanical and folkloric importance for drug discovery. The widespread availability and folkloric use of Triumfetta pilosa leaves led us to determine the pharmacological potential of the plant through in vitro and in vivo experiments. The crude ethanolic extract (EE) of T. pilosa leaves were partitioned successively using solvent of different polarities. Then these fractions were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening by standard procedures. The extract of T. pilosa and its fractions were evaluated for their possible thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antidiarrhoeal and analgesic activities by using standard drugs streptokinase, acetyl salicylic acid, loperamide and diclofenac-Na, respectively. In the study for thrombolytic activity, among all partitionates, the ethyl acetate soluble fraction (ESF) showed the highest percent of clot lysis (58.67%) as compared to standard streptokinase (69.23%) and water (3.77%). Also, in case of membrane stabilizing activity, ESF significantly inhibited the haemolysis of human erythrocyte membrane both induced by hypotonic solution (65.33 ± 0.50%) and heat (56.22 ± 0.69%), as compared to standard acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) (71.12 ± 26%) and (75.92 ± 0.29%), respectively. In the antidiarrheal assay, the crude ethanolic extract inhibited the mean number of defecation by 45.71% and 63.18% at 200 and 400-mg/kg body weight, respectively. During assay for central and peripheral analgesic activity at dose of 400-mg/kg, the extract showed reaction times of 5.11 (p < 0.001) and 1.96 (p < 0.001) min in the tail-flick and tail-immersion models, while the normal and reference groups exhibited reaction times of 11.66, 1.46; (p < 0.001) and 4.91, 1.16; (p < 0.001) in the tail flick and tail immersion method, respectively. At 400 mg/kg, the extract showed 49.22% inhibition of acetic acid induced writhing in mice model.

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