Using human evaluation of 100,000 words spread across 24 corpora in 10 languages diverse in origin and culture, we present evidence of a deep imprint of human sociality in language, observing that (i) the words of natural human language possess a universal positivity bias, (ii) the estimated emotional content of words is consistent between languages under translation, and (iii) this positivity bias is strongly independent of frequency of word use. Alongside these general regularities, we describe interlanguage variations in the emotional spectrum of languages that allow us to rank corpora. We also show how our word evaluations can be used to construct physical-like instruments for both real-time and offline measurement of the emotional content of large-scale texts.language | social psychology | happiness | positivity

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The phosphorus in 48 surficial Lake Erie sediment samples was present in three major forms: phosphorus associated with apatite, nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and organic phosphorus. The apatite was of natural, detrital origin. It existed as particles ranging from fine sand to clay in size but mostly as silt-sized particles and was concentrated in nearshore sediments. Both NAIP and organic phosphorus was concentrated in fine-grained sediments accumulating in offshore depositional areas. NAIP was associated with amorphous hydrated ferric oxide in the oxidized microzone but was present as vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2∙8H2O) and possibly other forms also in the reduced zone. The organic phosphorus content of the sediment was closely related to organic carbon content. The phyllosilicate, organic matter, and reactive iron and manganese components of the sediments existed in intimate association.

Sedimentary materials from eroding bluffs, suspended solids in streams, and lake bottom sediments from Lakes Ontario and Erie were cultured with the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) de Brebisson in modified Rodhe's medium with the sediments as the sole source of P. P uptake by the algae was related to the amount of nonapatite inorganic phosphorus in the sediments. Apatite phosphorus was not used, and the bluff samples, in which over 90% of total P was in this form, did not support algal growth. The nonapatite inorganic P fraction was highly correlated with the amounts of inorganic phosphorus extracted by three standard techniques for estimating "available P" (extraction by NaOH and nitrilotriacetic acid solutions and by H-resin) and cell uptake equaled NaOH-extractable inorganic P in several instances. Uptake of P by the cells varied from 8 to 50% of total P and from 38 to 83% of nonapatite inorganic P when measured directly. Organic phosphorus in the sediments was not utilized by the algae. Percentage utilization of total P was in general highest when total P concentration in the sediments was itself high.

A program promoting preconception counseling can be implemented on a statewide basis by using various health-care providers to deliver the program. Participation in such a program appears to be related to improved pregnancy outcomes among women with pregestational diabetes.

Inorganic orthophosphate (inorganic P) added with NH4F reagent to calcareous Wisconsin lake sediments was recovered in the NH4F (0–32%), citrate‐dithionite‐bicarbonate (18–23%), and first HCl (38–63%) reagents of an inorganic P fractionation scheme. Calcium fluoride, formed during NH4F extraction of calcareous materials, sorbed inorganic P, presumably resulting in the formation of a CaF2‐orthophosphate complex; inorganic P was also sorbed by CaCO3 and CaF2 in an NaOH system. Consequently, the values of NH4F‐P and first NaOH‐P underestimated the amount of inorganic P released from secondary Al‐ and Fe‐containing sediment components during the NH4F and first NaOH extractions, whereas the values for “reductant‐soluble P” (citrate‐dithionite‐bicarbonate‐extractable) overestimated the amount of P occluded within Fe oxides, and the P extracted subsequently by HCl overestimated the amount of acid‐extractable Ca‐P present. Because of the side reactions with CaCO3, the NH4F reagent was omitted in subsequent fractionation studies. Added inorganic P sorbed from 0.1N NaOH solution by CaCO3 in pure form or in calcareous sediments was essentially quantitatively recovered in a subsequent citrate‐bicarbonate extraction. A proposed inorganic P fractionation scheme for calcareous materials, based on successive single extractions with NaOH, citrate‐dithionite‐bicarbonate, and HCl reagents, removed approximately 90% of the total inorganic P in the sediments. Native inorganic P released in the NaOH extraction originated from Fe‐ and Al‐bound P but not from Ca‐bound P, and P released in the subsequent citrate extraction was largely, if not wholly derived from P resorbed during the preceding NaOH extraction. Phosphorus released in the following HCl extraction was derived from Ca‐bound P. Previous inorganic P fractionation schemes have underestimated nonoccluded Fe‐ and Al‐bound P and overestimated Cabound P and, frequently, occluded Fe‐bound P in calcareous soils and sediments.

A modified version of the phosphate fractionation procedure of Chang and Jackson (1957) included the determination of "residual inorg. P" and introduced a revised nomenclature for the other fractions. Added phosphate sorbed during the fluoride extraction was usually completely recovered in the succeeding sodium hydroxide extraction; this enabled mutually compensating corrections to be applied to NFLjF-P and 1st NaOH-P values. A second acid treatment increased the amount of Ca-P extracted. Further modifications simplified the colorimetric determinations of inorganic phosphate in several of the extracts. A measure of the reproducibility of fractionation results was also obtained.Additional Key Words for Indexing: revised nomenclature.

Restraining global average temperatures to +2°C from pre-industrial levels will likely require halving global energy system emissions by 2050, and decarbonization by 2100 (IPCC 2014). In the nationally orientated climate policy framework codified under the Paris Agreement, each nation must decide the scale and method of their emissions reduction contribution while remaining consistent with the global carbon budget. This policy process will require engagement amongst a wide range of stakeholders who have very different visions for the physical implementation of deep decarbonization. The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) has developed a methodology, building on the energy, climate, and economics literatures, to structure these debates based on the following principles: i) country scale analysis to capture specific physical, economic, and political circumstances to maximize policy relevence, ii) a long-term perspective to harmonize shortterm decisions with the long term objective, and iii) detailed sectoral analysis with transparent representation of emissions drivers through a common accounting framework. These principles are operationalized in the definition of Deep Decarbonization Pathways (DDPs), which involve technically detailed, sector by sector maps of each country's decarbonization transition, backcasting feasible pathways from 2050 end points. This paper shows how the current 16 DDPP country teams, covering 74% of global energy system emissions, used this method to collectively restrain emissions to a level consistent with +2°C while maintaining development aspirations and reflecting national circumstances, mainly through efficiency, decarbonization of energy carriers (e.g. electricity), and switching to these carriers. The cross-cutting analysis of country scenarios reveals important enabling conditions for the transformation, pertaining to technology R&D, investment, trade and global and national policies.