The concept of economic growth that has increased social welfare needs to be expanded in terms of its meaning and benchmarks. It focuses not only on economic activities but also on how they impact all of society in the present and the future. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s inclusive green growth in 2015 and 2019. The method used to obtain the analysis is the Inclusive Green Growth Index (IGGI), conducted by Asian Development Bank (ADB). IGGI is a composite index consisting of three pillars: economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability. The study showed that Indonesia’s inclusive green growth was getting better where its average score in 2015 was 3.21, increasing to 3.36 in 2019. However, the improvement is not ideal yet because its mainly influenced by the economic growth pillar. In contrast, the average score of the environmental sustainability pillar declined from 4.19 in 2015 to 4.00 in 2019, accompanied by the decreasing social equity pillar score in 15 out of 34 provinces. All Efforts to achieve a better-balanced IGGI are improving and maintaining environmental quality, improving access to economic and political activities, improving public service and infrastructure in various provinces, and increasing superior and potential sectors to pursue economic disparity inter-provincial.
Rules (formal constraints) are expected to be able to shape human behavior to act based on what should and should not do accordingly. The connection of rules in the energy sector to carbon dioxide emissions depends on how far the rules are able to shape behavior as expected. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of rules (formal constraints) on CO 2 emissions in Indonesia. Other variables used in this study are energy consumptions (fossil energy and renewable energy), and population growth which are in line with the previous study. The method used to help answer the research question is multiple linear regression analysis with ordinary least square approach. Using time series data in the period of 1990-2017 in Indonesia, this study found that fossil energy consumption and population growth have positive and significant impacts on CO 2 emissions in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the consumption of renewable energy and the rules (formal constraints) have negative effects on the emissions of CO 2 produced. These results show that rules (Formal Constraints) can indeed shape behavior, in this case the reduction of CO 2 emissions.
This study discusses scenarios and analyzes the causal relationship of energy consumption and CO2 emissions to economic growth in Indonesia period 2010-2025. The modeling scenario is divided into 6 sections, namely BAU scenario, High scenario, Low scenario, High-Low scenario, Low-High scenario and Policy scenario. The result of scenario data is processed by performing statistical data modeling and econometric period 2010-2025. The research method used interpolation method and causality testing method. The tools are used in this research is LEAP and EViews. LEAP is used for energy modeling as well as CO2 emissions and EViews is used to manage data, analyze econometrics and statistics. The results of this study show that economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions at 6 scenario indicate fluctuated competitive growth. This study proves that only 1 scenario has direct causality relationship that is only energy consumption which statistically significant influence economic growth in Policy scenario. For economic growth and CO2 emissions there are 4 scenarios that have direct causality (BAU, High, High-Low, Low-High scenario), 1 scenario has no causality relationship (Low scenario) and 1 scenario has two-way causality relationship (Policy scenario).
The research aims at estimating the level of Willingness to Pay of the tourists for the Tourism Attraction of Jatijajar Cave in Kebumen Regency. The primary data is obtained from 105 respondents by using the Multistage Sampling and five key persons by using the Purposive Sampling. The characteristics of respondents show that some of the tourists are male, around 21 to 30 years old. The result of Contingent Valuation Methods shows that the WTP of the tourists of Jatijajar Cave has the average about Rp 17,000.00 and the total value of WTP is about Rp 5,231,410,000.00. The novelty in this research is using Contingent Valuation Methods approach to educate the visitors through the hypothetical-market that has been built by two scenarios of willingness to pay for the visitors at Jatijajar Cave tourism attraction as a compensation for the development of tourism attraction.
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