We investigated the feeding by 18 red-tide dinoflagellate species on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. We also calculated grazing coefficients by combining the field data on abundances of the dinoflagellates Prorocentrum donghaiense and P. micans and co-occurring Synechococcus spp. with laboratory data on ingestion rates obtained in the present study. All 17 cultured red-tide dinoflagellates tested (Akashiwo sanguinea, Alexandrium catenella, A. minutum, A. tamarense, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Gonyaulax polygramma, G. spinifera, Gymnodinium catenatum, G. impudicum, Heterocapsa rotundata, H. triquetra, Karenia brevis, Lingulodinium polyedrum, Prorocentrum donghaiense, P. minimum, P. micans, and Scrippsiella trochoidea) were able to ingest Synechococcus. Also, Synechococcus cells were observed inside the protoplasms of P. triestinum cells collected from the coastal waters off Shiwha, western Korea, during red tides dominated by the dinoflagellate in July 2005. When prey concentrations were 1.1 to 2.3 × 10 6 cells ml ) generally increased with increasing size of the dinoflagellate predators (equivalent spherical diameters = 5.2 to 38.2 µm). The ingestion rates of P. donghaiense and P. micans on Synechococcus sp. increased with increasing mean prey concentration, with saturation occurring at a mean prey concentration of approximately 1.1 to 1.4 × 10 6 cells ml ). The ingestion rates of red-tide dinoflagellates on Synechococcus sp. were comparable to those of the heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates on Synechococcus spp., so far reported in the literature. The calculated grazing coefficients attributable to small Prorocentrum spp. (P. donghaiense + P. minimum) and P. micans on co-occurring Synechococcus spp. were up to 3.6 and 0.15 h -1 , respectively. The results of the present study suggest that red-tide dinoflagellates potentially have a considerable grazing impact on populations of Synechococcus.KEY WORDS: Cyanophyte · Grazing · Harmful algal bloom · Ingestion · Marine · Protist · Red tide Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherAquat Microb Ecol 41: [131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143] 2005 dance and/or the primary production of phytoplankton in both coastal and open oceanic waters (Chang et al. 1996, 2003, Karlson et al. 1996, Phlips & Badylak 1996, Agawin et al. 1998, Yahel et al. 1998, Crosbie & Furnas 2001, Arin et al. 2002, Chiang et al. 2002, Stal et al. 2003, Nielsen et al. 2004, Wawrik & Paul 2004. The abundance of Synechococcus spp. often exceeds 10 5 cells ml -1 and sometimes forms red tides (Lindell & Post 1995, Partensky et al. 1996, 1999, Morel 1997, Andreoli et al. 1999, Diaz & Maske 2000, Uysal 2000, Agawin et al. 2003, Murrell & Lores 2004. In oceanic waters, Synechococcus has been thought to be one of the major contributors to CO 2 and nutrient uptake from ambient waters and, in turn, eventually from the atmosphere (Maranon et al. 2003). Therefore, the growth and mortality of Synechococcus are important...

Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is one of the most promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries due to low cost and structural stability during Li insertion/extraction. However, its poor rate capability limits its practical use. Although various approaches have been explored to overcome this problem, previous reports have mainly focused on the enhancement of both the electronic conductivity and the kinetic associated with lithium in the composite film of active material/conducting agent/binder. Here, we systematically explore the effect of the contact resistance between a current collector and a composite film of active material/conducting agent/binder on the rate capability of a TiO(2)-based electrode. The vertically aligned TiO(2) nanotubes arrays, directly grown on the current collector, with sealed cap and unsealed cap, and conventional randomly oriented TiO(2) nanotubes electrodes were prepared for this study. The vertically aligned TiO(2) nanotubes array electrode with unsealed cap showed superior performance with six times higher capacity at 10 C rate compared to conventional randomly oriented TiO(2) nanotubes electrode with 10 wt % conducting agent. On the basis of the detailed experimental results and associated theoretical analysis, we demonstrate that the reduction of the contact resistance between electrode and current collector plays an important role in improving the electronic conductivity of the overall electrode system.

Germanium holds great potential as an anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its large theoretical energy density and excellent intrinsic properties related to its kinetics associated with lithium and electrons. However, the problem related to the tremendous volume change of Ge during cycling is the dominant obstacle for its practical use. The previous research has focused on the improvement in mechanics associated with lithium without consideration of the kinetics. In this study, we demonstrate that the configuration engineering of the Ge electrode enables the improvement in kinetics as well as favorable mechanics. Two types of Ge inverse opal structures with porous walls and dense walls were prepared using a confined convective assembly method and by adjusting Ge deposition parameters in a chemical vapor deposition system. The Ge inverse opal electrode with porous walls shows much improved electrochemical performances, especially cycle performance and rate capability, than the electrode with dense walls. These improvements are attributed to a large free surface, which offers a facile strain relaxation pathway and a large lithium flux from the electrolyte to the active material.

-1). Calculated grazing coefficients on co-occurring Amphidinium spp., H. akashiwo, and cryptophytes were up to 1.07, 0.45, and 0.22 h -1 , respectively. Our results suggest that grazing by P. piscicida potentially has a considerable effect on algal populations.

This paper explores transport in transparent thin film transistors formed using a liquid precursor to indium zinc oxide, delivered to target substrates by electrohydrodynamic jet (e-jet) printing. Under optimized conditions, we observe field effect mobilities as high as 32 cm2V−1s−1, with on/off current ratios of 103 and threshold voltages of 2 V. These results provide evidence that material manipulated in fine-jet, electric field induced liquid flows can yield semiconductor devices without any adverse effects of residual charge or unintentional doping. E-jet printing methods provide levels of resolution (∼1.5 μm) that provide a path to printed transistors with small critical dimensions.