A Ge inverse opal with porous walls as an anode for lithium ion batteries

Song, Taeseup; Jeon, Yeryung; Samal, Monica; Han, Hyungkyu; Park, Hyun-Jung; Ha, Jaehyun; Yi, Dong Kee; Choi, Jae Man; Chang, Hyuk; Choi, Young; Paik, Ungyu

doi:10.1039/c2ee22358a

Cited by 105 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…[9][10][11] To further increase the energy density of LIBs for the above-mentioned applications, alloy-type anodes such as Si, Ge, and Sn have been extensively explored because of their high capacity. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Among them, Si is a promising candidate to replace the traditional graphite anode for high-capacity LIBs, since it has 10 times (～4200 mA h g -1 ) higher specific capacity through forming the alloy Li22Si5. [22][23][24] Compared with other alloy-type and metal oxide anodes, the discharging potential of silicon (～0.2 V against Li/Li + ) is lower, leading to a higher energy density for full cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Si-containing precursors for Si-based anode materials of Li-ion batteries: A review

Zhang

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2016

Energy Storage Materials

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Lithium-ion batteries with high energy density are in demand for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale stationary energy storage. Si is one of the most promising anode materials due to its extremely high specific capacity. However, the full application of Si-based anode materials is limited by poor cycle life and rate capability resulted from low ionic/electronic conductivity and large volume change over cycling. In recent years, great progress has been made in improving the performance of Si anodes by employing nanotechnology. The preparation methods are essentially important, in which the precursors used are crucial to design and control the microstructure for the Si-based materials. In this review, we provide comprehensive summary and comment on different Si-containing precursors for preparation of nanosized Si-based anode materials and focus on the corresponding electrochemical performances in lithium-ion batteries. Bulk sized silicon, silicon wafer and silicon microparticles are generally used as starting materials to synthesize porous or nanosized silicon, and the routes for the synthesis are rather mature and commercially available. Silica is also commonly used to form silicon by conversion through a facile magnesiothermic reduction. Silica derivation from natural resources, especially from rice husks, is much more sustainable and lower cost than alternative methods, which attracts considerable research attention. In addition, gaseous Si-based sources like SiH4, Si2H6 and SiHxCly, liquid silicon sources like trisilane and phenylsilane and elemental silicon have successfully used to prepare nanosized or carbon-coated silicon. Further considerations on massive production possibility have also been presented. Si-Containing Precursors for Si-Based Anode Materials of Li-Ion Batteries AbstractLithium-ion batteries with high energy density and large power output are in demand for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale stationary energy storage. Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials because it has 10 times higher specific capacity than that of the commercial graphitic carbon anode. Unfortunately, the practical utilization of silicon-based anode materials is still hindered by its low electronic conductivity and high capacity fading rate due to the large volume changes upon insertion and extraction of Li ions during cycling. Introducing porous structure, along with decreasing the dimension of Si-based materials to nanosize, is an effective way to address these problems. During the past decade, tremendous attention has been paid to improve Si anodes so as to give them better electrochemical performance. In this review, we focus the Si-containing precursors for preparation of Si-based anode materials.3

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Si-containing precursors for Si-based anode materials of Li-ion batteries: A review

Zhang

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2016

Energy Storage Materials

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“…This approach is ilustrated in a number of recent studies utilizing porous Ge NPs or a nanoporous Ge network [57][58][59][60][61], which were prepared from simple (e.g. mechanochemical synthesis) to often-complicated synthesis (e.g.…”

Section: Three-dimensional Porous Gementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-range ordering of thinwalled porous Ge NPs induced the very stable cycling performance, with only 2% capacity loss after 100 cycles. Ge inverse opals with unique wall microstructures, synthesized using silica opal templates and grown directly on the current collector, were tested recently as LIB anode as displayed in Figure 4(b) [60]. The two types of Ge inverse opal structures -with porous wall and with dense wall -exhibited coulombic efficiencies over 96% after the first cycle, but the Ge inverse opal electrode with porous walls (1387 mAh g -1 first discharge capacity) displayed a much higher retention after 100 cycles, at 88.9% compare to electrode with dense walls (1299 mAh g -1 first discharge capacity) at 80.5%.…”

Section: Three-dimensional Porous Gementioning

confidence: 99%

High Energy Density Germanium Anodes for Next Generation Lithium Ion Batteries

Ocon¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

2014

Applied Chemistry for Engineering

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Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the state-of-the-art technology among electrochemical energy storage and conversion cells, and are still considered the most attractive class of battery in the future due to their high specific energy density, high efficiency, and long cycle life. Rapid development of power-hungry commercial electronics and large-scale energy storage applications (e.g. off-peak electrical energy storage), however, requires novel anode materials that have higher energy densities to replace conventional graphite electrodes. Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) are thought to be ideal prospect candidates for next generation LIB anodes due to their extremely high theoretical energy capacities. For instance, Ge offers relatively lower volume change during cycling, better Li insertion/extraction kinetics, and higher electronic conductivity than Si. In this focused review, we briefly describe the basic concepts of LIBs and then look at the characteristics of ideal anode materials that can provide greatly improved electrochemical performance, including high capacity, better cycling behavior, and rate capability. We then discuss how, in the future, Ge anode materials (Ge and Ge oxides, Ge-carbon composites, and other Ge-based composites) could increase the capacity of today's Li batteries. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to fulfill the requirements of excellent anode materials, especially using these materials at the nanoscale. This article shall serve as a handy reference, as well as starting point, for future research related to high capacity LIB anodes, especially based on semiconductor Ge and Si.

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“…5,7 Fast transport of both electrons and Li ions enable a high charging/discharging rate for LIBs. [8][9][10] Although Ge is less earth abundant than other highcapacity anode materials, the price of Ge could potentially decrease with increased interest in Ge anodes and technical improvements in the production of Ge. Furthermore, by alloying Ge with other elements such as Si, Sn, and carbon, it is possible to reduce the manufacturing cost and in the meantime to enhance the overall electrochemical and mechanical performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 This large volumetric deformation, when occurring inhomogeneously or under mechanical constraint, can cause high tensile stress to develop, resulting in massive electrode cracking and capacity fade of the battery. To minimize the mechanical stress induced by volume change, various nanostructures of Ge electrodes, such as nanowires, 12 nanotubes, 13 nanoparticles, 8,9 and thin films, 10,14 have been studied for improvement in capacity retention. For instance, Park et al used a high-yielding synthetic method to fabricate Ge nanotubes, which exhibited high rate capability and capacity retention of more than 1000 mAhg −1 over 400 cycles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fracture Toughness Characterization of Lithiated Germanium as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wang

Yang

Xia

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Germanium (Ge) is a promising candidate anode material for next-generation, high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Despite its apparent promise, the mechanical properties of lithiated Ge including its fracture characteristic are largely unknown. In this paper, we report the first experimental measurement of the fracture toughness of lithiated Ge using an in-house developed nanoindentation system. The fracture toughness of lithiated Ge is found to increase monotonically with increasing lithium content, indicating a brittle-to-ductile transition of lithiated Ge as lithiation proceeds. We also compare the fracture energy of lithiated Ge with that of lithiated Si and show that, despite a slightly lower fracture energy of Ge than that of Si in the unlithiated state, Ge possesses much higher fracture resistance than Si in the lithiated state. These findings suggest that Ge anodes are intrinsically more resistant to fracture than their Si counterparts, thereby offering substantial potential for the development of durable, high-capacity, and high-rate lithium-ion batteries. The quantitative results from this work provide fundamental insights for developing new electrode materials and help to enable predictive modeling of high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the current dominant energy storage solution for portable electronics and electric vehicles. The growing demand in these applications, however, requires next-generation LIBs with an unprecedented combination of low cost, high capacity, and high reliability. To significantly enhance the LIB performance, much of the research effort to date has been devoted to developing new electrode materials that can store more Li ions than the current available technology. In today's commercial LIBs, graphite of 372 mAhg −1 capacity is being widely used as the anode material.

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A Ge inverse opal with porous walls as an anode for lithium ion batteries

Cited by 105 publications

References 36 publications

Si-containing precursors for Si-based anode materials of Li-ion batteries: A review

Si-containing precursors for Si-based anode materials of Li-ion batteries: A review

High Energy Density Germanium Anodes for Next Generation Lithium Ion Batteries

Fracture Toughness Characterization of Lithiated Germanium as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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