The prevalence of OAB in chinese women is lower than that of most reports in Occidental women, and increases with advancing age. Many potential risk factors increase the occurrence of OAB.

A Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, facultatively anaerobic coccus, designated IMCC1545T, was isolated from the digestive tract of a marine clamworm, Periserrula leucophryna, inhabiting a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea. Cells of strain IMCC1545T are non-motile, dividing by binary fission. The predominant fatty acids are anteiso-C15 : 0 and C18 : 0. The respiratory quinone is menaquinone-7 and the DNA G+C content is 52.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences using three treeing algorithms revealed that the strain formed a novel genus-level lineage within the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’. The most closely related named organisms to strain IMCC1545T are ‘Fucophilus fucoidanolyticus’ SI-1234 (86.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Alterococcus agarolyticus ADT3T (81.8 %) and Opitutus terrae PB90-1T (80.3 %), which belong to subdivision 4 of the ‘Verrucomicrobia’. Subdivision 4 of the ‘Verrucomicrobia’ (here named Opitutae classis nov.) was divided into two clades, a clade containing strain IMCC1545T and a clade containing Opitutus terrae. From the taxonomic data obtained in this study, it is proposed that the new marine isolate be placed into a novel genus and species named Puniceicoccus vermicola gen. nov., sp. nov. (the type strain of Puniceicoccus vermicola is IMCC1545T=KCCM 42343T=NBRC 101964T) within Puniceicoccaceae fam. nov and Puniceicoccales ord. nov in the class Opitutae. The family Opitutaceae fam. nov. and order Opitutales ord. nov. are also formally proposed.

Although the SAR11 clade of the Alphaproteobacteria represents the most abundant and ubiquitous bacterioplankton in the ocean, very few laboratories have successfully cultured SAR11 cells. All of the SAR11 strains isolated thus far have been retrieved from the Oregon coast and the Sargasso Sea. In this study, a modified dilution-to-extinction culturing with prolonged incubation at low temperature was applied in an effort to cultivate major bacterioplankton lineages in the East Sea, Western Pacific Ocean. Five to 10 cells were inoculated into each well of 48-well plates, followed by the incubation of the plates at 10 degrees C for 4, 8, 20, and 24 weeks. Among a total of 35 isolated strains, 18 strains assigned to the SAR11 clade were isolated after 8, 20, and 24 weeks of incubation, whereas no SAR11 cells were detected in the samples after 4 weeks of incubation. The SAR11 isolates, noticeably, comprised 64-82% of the total isolates from the plates incubated for 20 and 24 weeks. Extinction cultures belonging to the Roseobacter, OM43, and SAR92 clades were also cultivated. The results of this study suggest that long-term incubation at low temperatures might prove an alternative for the efficient cultivation of new variants of the members of the SAR11 clade.

Perlucidibaca piscinae gen. nov., sp. nov., a freshwater bacterium belonging to the family Moraxellaceae Jaeho Song, Yoe-Jin Choo and Jang-Cheon Cho Correspondence Jang-Cheon Cho chojc@inha.ac.kr Division of Biology and Ocean Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea A freshwater bacterium, designated IMCC1704 T , was isolated from a eutrophic pond. The strain was Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, chemoheterotrophic and facultatively aerobic with cells that were motile rods with a single polar flagellum. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analyses, the novel strain was most closely related to the genera Alkanindiges (91.7 %), Acinetobacter (89.0-91.2 %), Moraxella (87.9-90.1 %), Psychrobacter (87.2-89.5 %) and Enhydrobacter (87.8 %). Phylogenetic trees generated using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the novel isolate belonged to the family Moraxellaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria and formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the family. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 63.1 mol% and the predominant constituents of the cellular fatty acids were C 16 : 1 v7c and/or iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH (21.2 %), C 18 : 1 v7c (12.8 %) and C 12 : 0 3-OH (12.3 %). These chemotaxonomic properties, together with several phenotypic characteristics, differentiated the novel strain from other members of the family Moraxellaceae. From the taxonomic data, which revealed the distant relationship of the new strain to the related genera, the strain should be classified as a novel genus and species in the family Moraxellaceae, for which the name Perlucidibaca piscinae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Perlucidibaca piscinae sp. nov. is IMCC1704 T (5KCCM 42363

ThuLEP and PKEP are both safe and efficient procedures for the treatment of patients with BPH. Compared with PKEP, ThuLEP provided less risk of hemorrhage and shorter catheter time, although the differences may be of little clinical relevance. Further well-designed trials with extended follow-up and larger sample size are needed to draw final conclusions about the efficacy of the two procedures.

Rubrivirga marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Rhodothermaceae isolated from deep seawater other and showed less than 92.6 % similarity with other cultivated members of the class Cytophagia. The strains were found to be non-motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative and able to hydrolyse gelatin and aesculin. The DNA G+C contents were determined to be 64.8-65.8 mol% and MK-7 was the predominant menaquinone. Summed feature 9 (iso-C 17 : 1 v9c and/ or C 16 : 0 10-methyl), summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 v6c and/or C 16 : 1 v7c) and iso-C 15 : 0 were found to be the major cellular fatty acids. On the basis of this taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach, it was concluded that strains SAORIC-26 and SAORIC-28 T represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Rhodothermaceae, for which the name Rubrivirga marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. et al., 2011). Three genera Rhodothermus, Salinibacter and Salisaeta have been isolated from extreme environments and exhibit thermophilic or halophilic characteristics. At the time of writing the genus Rubricoccus contains only one species with a validly published name, which was, in contrast to members of the other three genera, isolated from a euphotic zone of the Pacific Ocean and showed mesophilic and slightly halophilic characteristics. In this study we isolated two novel bacteria from deep seawater and investigated their biochemical and physiological characteristics to determine their taxonomic status.Two aerobic bacteria were isolated from a deep seawater sample obtained from the western North Pacific Ocean (32 u 009 N, 138 u 139 E; depth, 3000 m) during the research cruise (KT-10-12) of RV 'Tansei Maru' [Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)] on 3 July 2010. The seawater (200 ml) sample was inoculated on 1/5 strength marine agar (Difco) (agar 15 g, peptone 1 g, yeast extract 0.2 g, MgCl 2 1.76 g, Na 2 SO 3 0.65 g, CaCl 2 0.36 g, KCl 0.1 g, NaHCO 3 0.32 g, Ferric citrate 0.2 g, KBr 0.016 g, SrCl 2 6 mg, H 3 BO 3 4 mg, Na 2 HPO 4 1.6 mg, Na 2 SiO 3 0.8 mg, NaF 0.48 mg, NH 4 NO 3 0.32 mg in 1 l of 80 % aged seawater) and incubated at 10 u C for 30 days. Isolated strains were maintained on 1/2 strength marine agar 2216 (MA: Difco) supplemented with 1 % NaCl at 30 u C. The temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 37 and 45 u C) and pH (5-10) ranges for growth were determined by incubating the isolate on 1/2 MA supplemented with 1 % NaCl. The NaCl concentration for growth was determined on 1/2 MA (agar 15 g, peptone 2.5 g, yeast extract 0.5 g, MgCl 2 4.4 g, Na 2 SO 3 1.62 g, CaCl 2 0.9 g, KCl 0.27 g, NaHCO 3 0.8 g, ferric citrate 0.5 g, KBr 0.04 g, SrCl 2 0.015 g, H 3 BO 3 0.01 g, Na 2 HPO 4 4 mg, Na 2 SiO 3 2 mg, NaF 1.2 mg, NH 4 NO 3 0.8 mg l 21) containing 0-15 % (w/ Abbreviations: ML, maximum-likelihood; NJ, neighbour-joining; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strains SAORIC-26 and...

Light-driven ion-pumping rhodopsins are widely distributed among bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes in the euphotic zone of the aquatic environment. H+-pumping rhodopsin (proteorhodopsin: PR), Na+-pumping rhodopsin (NaR), and Cl−-pumping rhodopsin (ClR) have been found in marine bacteria, which suggests that these genes evolved independently in the ocean. Putative microbial rhodopsin genes were identified in the genome sequences of marine Cytophagia. In the present study, one of these genes was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli cells and the rhodopsin protein named Rubricoccus marinus halorhodopsin (RmHR) was identified as a light-driven inward Cl− pump. Spectroscopic assays showed that the estimated dissociation constant (Kd,int.) of this rhodopsin was similar to that of haloarchaeal halorhodopsin (HR), while the Cl−-transporting photoreaction mechanism of this rhodopsin was similar to that of HR, but different to that of the already-known marine bacterial ClR. This amino acid sequence similarity also suggested that this rhodopsin is similar to haloarchaeal HR and cyanobacterial HRs (e.g., SyHR and MrHR). Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that retinal biosynthesis pathway genes (blh and crtY) belong to a phylogenetic lineage of haloarchaea, indicating that these marine Cytophagia acquired rhodopsin-related genes from haloarchaea by lateral gene transfer. Based on these results, we concluded that inward Cl−-pumping rhodopsin is present in genera of the class Cytophagia and may have the same evolutionary origins as haloarchaeal HR.

A bacterial strain named IMCC1877T was obtained from surface seawater collected near the coast of Deokjeok island (Yellow Sea), using a standard dilution-plating method. The strain was Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic and facultatively anaerobic, requiring NaCl, and cells were motile rods with a single polar flagellum. Colonies on marine agar were very small (average diameter 0.1 mm). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the most closely related species to strain IMCC1877 T was Marinobacterium stanieri (93.7 % sequence similarity to the type strain).Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this marine isolate belonged to the order Oceanospirillales and formed an independent phyletic line within the clade forming the genus Marinobacterium. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 60.7 mol% and the predominant constituents of the cellular fatty acids were C 18 : 1 v7c (36.6 %), C 16 : 1 v7c and/or iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH (26.7 %) and C 16 : 0 (24.3 %). Based on the taxonomic data, only a distant relationship could be established between strain IMCC1877 T and other Marinobacterium species;the strain therefore represents a novel species of the genus Marinobacterium, for which the name Marinobacterium litorale sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC1877 T (=KCTC 12756 T =LMG 23872 T ).