Misfolded proteins are associated with several pathological conditions including neurodegeneration. Although some of these abnormally folded proteins result from mutations in genes encoding disease-associated proteins (for example, repeat-expansion diseases), more general mechanisms that lead to misfolded proteins in neurons remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that low levels of mischarged transfer RNAs (tRNAs) can lead to an intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins in neurons. These accumulations are accompanied by upregulation of cytoplasmic protein chaperones and by induction of the unfolded protein response. We report that the mouse sticky mutation, which causes cerebellar Purkinje cell loss and ataxia, is a missense mutation in the editing domain of the alanyl-tRNA synthetase gene that compromises the proofreading activity of this enzyme during aminoacylation of tRNAs. These findings demonstrate that disruption of translational fidelity in terminally differentiated neurons leads to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and cell death, and provide a novel mechanism underlying neurodegeneration.
We determined the phytochemical diversity, including carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids, in sweet potatoes ( L.) with distinctive flesh colors (white, orange, and purple) and identified hydrophilic primary metabolites. Carotenoid content was considerably higher in orange-fleshed sweet potatoes, wherein β-carotene was the most plentiful, and anthocyanins were detected only in purple-fleshed sweet potatoes. The levels of phenolic acids and flavonoids were relatively higher in purple-fleshed sweet potatoes than those in the other two varieties. Forty-one primary and 18 secondary metabolite profiles were subjected to multivariate statistical analyses, which fully distinguished among the varieties and separated orange- and purple-fleshed sweet potatoes from white-fleshed sweet potatoes based on the high levels of sugars, sugar alcohols, and secondary metabolites. This is the first study to determine comprehensive metabolic differences among different color-fleshed sweet potatoes and provides useful information for genetic manipulation of sweet potatoes to influence primary and secondary metabolism.
A pink-coloured bacterial strain, 5516J-15 T , was isolated from an air sample from Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The organism was found to have resistance to UV radiation typical of members of the genus Deinococcus, and it was placed within the radiation of the Deinococcus on a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain 5516J-15 T shared low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (84.5-87.8 %) with Deinococcus species, showing highest sequence similarity to Deinococcus deserti VCD115 T (87.8 %) and Deinococcus indicus Wt/1a T (87.8 %).Strain 5516J-15 T had type A3b peptidoglycan with L-ornithine, menaquinone 8 (MK-8) as the major quinone and iso-C 12 : 0 , anteiso-C 13 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and C 16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. Its polar lipid profile contained three unknown aminophospholipids, two unknown polar lipids, one unknown phospholipid and one unknown glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain 5516J-15 T was 61.3 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic data presented, it is proposed that the unknown strain should be classified within a novel species in the genus Deinococcus with the name Deinococcus cellulosilyticus sp. nov. The type strain is 5516J-15 T (5KACC 11606Since the first report of the genus Deinococcus (Brooks & Murray, 1981), 23 species with validly published names have been recovered from various environments such as soils, hot springs, foods, faeces, air dust and the rhizosphere. The most prominent characteristic of this genus is extreme resistance to UV and gamma radiation and desiccation. In the course of the study of the bacterial population from air samples, we isolated a novel Deinococcus isolate. Here, we report on the taxonomic characterization of pink-coloured strain 5516J-15T .An air sample was collected in the Jeju region using an MAS-100 air sampler (Merck) (single-stage multiple-hole impactor). The sampler contained a Petri dish with R2A agar (BBL) amended with 200 mg cycloheximide ml 21 (Sigma). After sampling, the plate was incubated at 28 u C for 5 days, and strain 5516J-15 T was recovered.Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed as described previously (Kwon et al., 2003). Sequence comparison between isolate 5516J-15 T and sequences from Deinococcus species with validly published names obtained from GenBank was conducted by using CLUSTAL W software (Thompson et al., 1994). Strain 5516J-15 T showed low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (84.5-87.8 %) to Deinococcus species, showing highest sequence similarity to Deinococcus deserti VCD115 T (87.8 %) and Deinococcus indicus Wt/1a T (87.8 %). Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the MEGA 3 program (Kumar et al., 2004). Phylogenetic dendrograms were constructed using the neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony methods with bootstrap values based on 1000 replications. According to the neighbour-joining tree ( Fig. 1), strain 5516J-6 T was closely related to the genus Deinococcus with the support of a high bootstrap value (100 %) despite beingThe GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequenc...
The purpose of this study was to analyze middle students' carbonated beverages selection and consumption behaviors depending on their food-related lifestyle. Data was collected from 307 middle students in Incheon region through a self-administered questionnaire. According to the results of the factor analysis, food-related lifestyle showed that the average is more than 3.0, 0.800 in Cronbach alpha coefficient. There were significant differences in carbonated beverages preference according to health seeking, easy seeking, popularity seeking, and safety seeking type (p<0.05). Also easy seeking and popularity seeking type lifestyle showed significant differences in the reason to drink carbonated drinks (p<0.05), especially school canteen amenities tended to pursue the highest fashion. A significant significance positive result of the consumption of carbonated beverages (p<0.01) was shown for the easy seeking type. A significant positive result of the consumption of carbonated beverages (p<0.01) was shown for the taste seeking and safety seeking type. Analysis of the relationship between carbonated beverage consumption, and form factor showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.617 and with brand design, while the taste and the price were (p<0.05) 0.446, and 0.437 in order to design and calories, respectively.
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