In a series of experiments, untreated and ammonium hydroxide pretreated Klenow lowland variety switchgrasses are converted to reducing sugars using low-frequency (20 kHz) ultrasound and commercially available cellulase enzyme. Results from experiments using untreated and pretreated switchgrasses with and without ultrasound are presented and discussed. In untreated switchgrass experiments, the combination of ultrasound and enzymes resulted in an increase of 7.5% in reducing sugars compared to experiments using just enzymes. In experiments using ammonium hydroxide pretreated switchgrass, the combination of ultrasound and enzymes resulted in an increase of 9.3% in reducing sugars compared to experiments using just enzymes. Experimental evidence indicates that there is a synergistic effect from the combination of ultrasound and enzymes which lowers the diffusion-limiting barrier to enzyme/substrate binding and results in an increase in reaction rate. Scanning electron microscopic images provide evidence that ultrasound-induced pitting increases substrate surface area and affects reaction rate and yield.
The experimental cotton line 247‐1 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is heavily glanded and has a high gossypol level in flower buds. The most logical (but not the only) interpretation of data from crosses of 247‐1 and stocks homozygous for various combinations of gland‐determining alleles at the gl1 gl2, and gl3, loci was that the high‐gossypol content of 247‐1 could be explained by the presence of a high‐potency allele at the gl3 locus, plus another factor, or factors, independent of the gland‐determining alleles.
Conventional pad-dry-cure (non-scCO 2) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) application methods were used to study the effectiveness of a newly synthesized phosphazene derivative as a flame retardant on cotton fabric.
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