Ciência e justiça precisam interagir para resolver diferentes situações. Essa interação, no entanto, precisa ocorrer de forma eficiente para não gerar ainda mais dúvidas. A avaliação científica no contexto jurídico deve ser compreendida e atingir seu objetivo. Para isso, muito se tem discutido sobre a natureza e finalidade da avaliação científica forense. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o que é ciência forense e qual o alinhamento conceitual desta área do conhecimento frente aos cenários nacional e internacional. Realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto para compreender os aspectos fundamentais desse tema. Estudos conceituais sobre ciência forense são praticamente inexistentes na literatura nacional. A ciência forense foi contextualizada em seus aspectos multi, inter e transdisciplinar. Os resultados quantitativos da revisão bibliográfica mostraram a necessidade urgente de desenvolver o tema no cenário nacional e seu alinhamento com a compreensão mundial. Aspectos históricos do desenvolvimento da ciência forense foram utilizados na discussão sobre a conceituação do termo. No entanto, internacionalmente há esforços constantes para definir o propósito e o escopo da ciência forense. A Declaração de Sydney foi lançada recentemente como um documento orientador. Concluímos que a discussão sobre o conceito de ciência forense deve ser constante para aprimorá-lo em nível nacional e alinhá-lo ao pensamento internacional. Espera-se que este trabalho estimule a discussão do tema, fortalecendo o desenvolvimento da ciência forense e reforçando sua importância para a administração da justiça.
The concept of forensic sciences as mere trace analysis has been modified by the idea of forensic intelligence, which entails applying data to make decisions within the investigative process. Many countries are engaged in combating drug trafficking and drug use because they are related to public health and safety issues. Prohibiting the consumption of traditional drugs has led new psychoactive substances (NPSs) to emerge. NPSs consist of compounds that resemble the initially banned substance and which aim to mimic the traditional drug recreational effects while circumventing drug legislation. For example, synthetic cannabinoids are sprayed on herbal products to reproduce the cannabis recreational effects. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the toxic effects of synthetic cannabis types are unknown, and harm and fatalities associated with the use of these drugs have been reported. Information on the characterization related to these species is lacking. The rate at which NPSs appear poses a significant challenge because employing conventional methods to understand the characteristics of these compounds may require time and be costly. This work uses in silico practices as an alternative to understand how NPSs related to cannabis behave. We apply quantum chemistry methods to evaluate several synthetic cannabinoids recognized in forensic samples. More specifically, we generate infrared spectra that can be employed as a benchmark for NPSs. We apply a multivariate classification to evaluate the results. We conclude that in silico methods are an alternative that provide information about the spectra of undetected substances. This information can help to identify new drugs, to increase knowledge about them, and to feed information procedures.
Science and justice need to interact to solve different situations. This interaction, however, needs to occur efficiently to avoid generating even more doubts. Scientific evaluation in the legal context must be understood and achieve its purpose. For this, much has been discussed about the nature and purpose of forensic scientific assessment. In this work, the aim was to evaluate what forensic science is and what is the conceptual alignment of this area of knowledge concerning national and international scenarios. We performed a bibliographic review on the subject to understand the fundamental aspects of this theme. Conceptual studies on forensic science are practically non-existent in the national literature. Forensic science was contextualized in its multi, inter, and transdisciplinary aspects. The quantitative results of the bibliographic review showed the urgent need for developing the theme in the national scenario and its alignment with the world understanding. Historical aspects of the development of forensic science were used in the discussion about the conceptualization of the term. Yet, internationally there are constant efforts to define the purpose and scope of forensic science. The Sydney Declaration was recently launched as a guiding document. We concluded that discussion about the concept of forensic science must be constant to improve it at the national level and to align it with international thinking. Hopefully, this work will encourage the discussion of the topic, strengthening the development of forensic science and reinforcing its importance for the administration of justice.
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