The Diversity of Epidemic. The Politics of Aids and the Experience of Immigration. Didier Fassin. After two decades of silence from the health information system and the inaction of the public health agency, the relation between AIDS and immigration is beginning to emerge from beneath a regime of restrictions. If this is the case, it is because new manners of thinking about this relationship are beginning to see the light of day. Firstly, the themes of risk and of epidemically dangerous populations have been replaced by the problem of inequality and sociologically fragile categories. Secondly, the attention that had formerly been almost exclusively placed on the culture, the representations and the resistances has been enlarged to an examination in terms of social conditions, integrating historical and material dimensions in the double experience of the illness and migration. While at the same time, two new stakes appear. One is the redefinition of the contours of the immigration question under the double effect of its crystallization around foreigners in irregular situations and its dissolution in the original groups of migrants, these two groups are particularly exposed to the material disparities related to health and care. The second stake is the development of legitimacy of the foreigner which is increasingly founded upon the suffering or sick body, which is relevant therefore to bio-politics in which AIDS take a symbolic role.
From the Nation-State to the Transnational World. Meaning and Usage of the Concept of Diaspora. Dominique Schnapper. The dispersion of peoples who retain a feeling of unity despite their geographic fragmentation is not phenomenon of modernity. But the birth of nationalist movements and the construction of modern nations have given it a new significance that is essentially pejorative in nature. Today, in the opposite sense, the weakening of the Nation-state's power and of national patriotism has provided a positive perception of the behaviors and identifications related to the existence of diasporas. The concept has, as such, always been marked by the spirit of the times. To render it operational, let us reserve it for the populations that maintain institutional, objective or symbolic ties beyond the borders of Nation-states. Its utilization permits, then, questioning of a number of modern phenomena : the weakening of Nation-states, the increased transnationality from all natures of exchanges, the elaboration of new forms of political organization, the amplified dissociation between political and economic orders, and the identifications to the historic collectivities that are not organized in the form of the State. But are we capable of using it in a neutral manner in order to make it a useful instrument of knowledge ? Can we, more so than others, resist the current approach to diasporas ?
El nuevo reparto migratorio en Europa del Este Marek OKOLSKI Las restricciones impuestas a la libre circulatión de las poblaciones de Europa oriental por una politica de aislamiento realizada para con paises occidentales se apoyaban sobre dos « Henramientas » muy eficaces : el critero de obtención de pasaporte, las reglas a las divisas extranjeras. Por otra parte, las migraciones no eran muy favorezi no por los paises del Oeste que no aceptaban más turistas sin visado ni tampoco trabajadores extranjeros incluso temporarios. Cambios radicales en la política de los pasaportes y de los visa favorecian ya en 1980 la libre circulatión de las poblaciones hasta ahora, voluntariamente, muy restringida (criterios de obtención de un pasaporte y reglas relalivas a las divisas extranjeras). El autor presenta la situación actual de la emigración que llega de los paises del Este y su evolución, tomando como ejemplo el caso de los polacos para los cuales las estatísticas son más detalladas. Aparece claramente que la emigración queda relacionada a la nueva posibilidad de viajar al extranjero. Se puede sin embargo constatar que permanece moderada a lo largo de los años 80. La motivación más importante podría ser de ordén económico, pero no necesariamente relacionada al empleo. La evaluación de las consecuencias, aunque prematuras, parece más bien negativa. La principal ventaja de la emigración para los paises de origén sigue siendo la transferencia de divisas. Entre las condictiones que determinan las migraciones que viene de Europa Central y Oriental durante la próxima decenta, el factor más importante está en las perspectivas de crecimiento económico de los países occidentales que favorecería el empleo y podría generar una nueva ola de emigración del Este hacia el Oeste. Sin embargo con la situación politico-económica de Europa Central y Oriental que está todavía lejos se estabilizarse, con la actitud de estos paises occidentales que puede tambien modificarse, todavía es temprano para sacar otras conclusiones.
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