Assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) is a common approach to examine cardiac autonomic nervous system modulation that has been employed in a variety of settings. Frequently, both the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and SD1, which is a Poincaré plot component, have been used to quantify short-term heart rate variability. It is not typically appreciated, however, that RMSSD and SD1 are identical metrics of HRV. As a reminder to clinicians and researchers who use and study HRV, we show both empirically and mathematically that RMSSD and SD1 are identical metrics. Because the homology between RMSSD and SD1 is not commonly known, the inclusion of both measures has been reported in many recent publications. The inappropriate use of such redundant data may affect the interpretation of HRV studies. Muscle Nerve 56: 674-678, 2017.
• ▶ muscle-tendon stiff ness • ▶ infl ammatory response • ▶ injury • ▶ therapeutic modality Instrument-assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization: Eff ects on the Properties of Human Plantar Flexorstion following eccentric exercise may be important components for the recovery of muscle tissue [ 20 ] . Though this research provides the most recent mechanistic example of the response to soft tissue mobilization in an animal model, the physiological diff erences to that of human subjects may limit its clinical applicability [ 11 , 35 ] . In contrast, the research fi ndings on IASTM often describe clinical markers such as range of motion (ROM) and functional measures, but are not derived from randomized controlled studies [ 15 ] . Collectively, however, it appears that soft tissue mobilization therapies may play a role in reducing infl ammation [ 6 ] . The purpose of this project was to evaluate the eff ects of IASTM on intramuscular infl ammation, pain, ROM and strength following muscle damage in a randomized controlled laboratory experiment. Materials and Methods ▼ Subjects11 healthy men (mean ± SD age = 23 ± 3 years; stature = 181 ± 7 cm; mass = 83 ± 11 kg) volunteered for this investigation. Each participant was screened Introduction ▼ According to the marketing information for Graston Technique ® , a form of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM), more than 16 000 clinicians currently employ this technique for treating soft tissue ailments [ 17 ] . This does not include the number of clinicians and alternative medicine providers utilizing other forms of IASTM techniques such as sound-assisted soft tissue mobilization (SASTM), ASTYM ® , GuaSha, or others. Interestingly, the ability of IASTM to ameliorate loss of function, pain and infl ammation has yet to be clarifi ed. There are several physiological hypotheses as to how soft tissue mobilization works. These include increased blood fl ow, increased lymphatic drainage of toxins, reduced tissue stiff ness, alteration in neuromuscular activity and a decreased infl ammatory response [ 48 ] . However, the current literature fails to support these claims. Recently, studies have evaluated the eff ects of soft tissue mobilization on the recovery of muscular attributes following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage [ 13 , 14 ] . Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that the intensity of the compressive load and the timing of applica-
Background Neutralizing-antibody (nAb) is the major focus of most ongoing COVID-19 vaccine trials. However, nAb response against SARS-CoV-2, when present, decays rapidly. Given the myriad roles of antibodies in immune responses, it is possible that antibodies could also mediate protection against SARS-CoV-2 via effector mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which we sought to explore here. Methods Plasma of 3 uninfected controls and 20 subjects exposed to, or recovering from, SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected from U.S. and sub-Saharan Africa. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in the plasma samples. SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing capability of these plasmas was assessed with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus. ADCC activity was assessed with a calcein release assay. Results SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies were detected in all COVID-19 subjects studied. All but three COVID-19 subjects contained nAb at high potency (>80% neutralization). Plasma from 19/20 of COVID-19 subjects also demonstrated strong ADCC activity against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, including two individuals without nAb against SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion Both neutralizing and non-neutralizing COVID-19 plasmas can mediate ADCC. Our findings argue that evaluation of potential vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 should include investigation of the magnitude and durability of ADCC, in addition to nAb.
MU behavior is altered as a function of training status and is likely the result of differences in the physical properties of the MU.
Evidence suggests lymphocyte proliferation is suppressed following acute bouts of exercise, with exercise lasting longer than one hour having a greater magnitude of effect regardless of exercise intensity. Variations in observed effect sizes across intensity, duration, and competitive environment further highlight our need to acknowledge the impact of study designs in advancing our understanding of exercise immunology.
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