The prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in Brazil was variable; higher prevalence values, especially of asthma and eczema, were observed in regions located closer to the Equator.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in adolescents (AD; 13-14 years) living in seven Brazilian cities, by applying the standardized written questionnaire (WQ) of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), and to evaluate the time trend nine years after the last assessment of ISAAC phase 3 (ISP3). Methods: The ISAAC-WQ was answered by 20,099 AD from the Northern, Northeastern, Southeastern, and Southern Brazilian regions. Values obtained were compared to those observed in ISP3 using nonparametric (chi-squared or Fisher) tests, and the ratio of annual increment/decrement was established for each of the centers, according to the symptom assessed. DOI se refere ao artigo: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.05.002 ଝ Como citar este artigo: Solé D, Rosário Filho NA, Sarinho ES, Camelo-Nunes IC, Barreto BA, Medeiros ML, et al. Prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in adolescents: nine-year follow-up study (2003-2012). J Pediatr (Rio J). 2015;91:30---5.
Intradermal (ID) immunization is an attractive route of vaccination because it targets tissue rich in dendritic cells, has dose-sparing potential, and allows needle-free delivery. However, few adjuvants are effective, nonreactogenic, and compatible with needle-free delivery devices. In this study, we demonstrate that a combination adjuvant composed of cyclic-di-AMP (cdAMP) and the plant-derived nanoparticle adjuvant Nano-11 significantly enhanced the immune response to ID-injected vaccines in mice and pigs with minimal local reaction at the injection site. The cdAMP/Nano-11 combination adjuvant increased Ag uptake by lymph node–resident and migratory skin dendritic cell subpopulations, including Langerhans cells. ID immunization with cdAMP/Nano-11 expanded the population of germinal center B cells and follicular helper T cells in the draining lymph node and Ag-specific Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleen. It elicited an enhanced immune response with a significant increase of IgG1 and IgG2a responses in mice at a reduced dose compared with i.m. immunization. An increased IgG response was observed following needle-free ID immunization of pigs. Nano-11 and cdAMP demonstrated a strong synergistic interaction, as shown in the activation of mouse, human, and porcine APC, with increased expression of costimulatory molecules and secretion of TNF and IL-1β. The combination adjuvant induced robust activation of both NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor signaling pathways and the NLRP3 inflammasome. We conclude that the combination of Nano-11 and cdAMP is a promising adjuvant for ID delivery of vaccines that supports a balanced immune response.
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