Whilst previous research has highlighted significant relationships between golfers' clubhead velocity (CHV) and their vertical jump height and maximum strength, these field-based protocols were unable to measure the actual vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) variables that may correlate to performance. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ) and drop jump (DJ) vGRF variables and CHV in highly skilled golfers. Twenty-seven male category 1 golfers performed IMTP, CMJ, SJ and DJ on a dual force platform. The vertical jumps were used to measure positive impulse during different stretch-shortening cycle velocities, with the IMTP assessing peak force (PF) and rate of force development (RFD). Clubhead velocity was measured using a TrackMan launch monitor at a golf driving range. Pearsons correlation coefficient analyses revealed significant relationships between peak CHV and CMJ positive impulse (r = 0.788, p < 0.001), SJ positive impulse (r = 0.692; p < 0.001), DJ positive impulse (r = 0.561, p < 0.01), PF (r = 0.482, p < 0.01), RFD from 0-150 ms (r = 0.343, p < 0.05) and RFD from 0-200 ms (r = 0.398, p < 0.05). The findings from this investigation indicate strong relationships between vertical ground reaction force variables and clubhead velocity.
The human factor is central to healthcare, yet its proper management has remained beyond the reach of healthcare organizations. This qualitative study examines strategic human resource management (HRM) issues in a university and a community hospital. The findings indicate that the two hospitals lacked a clear understanding of their strategic intent and objectives; as a result, their human resource (HR) practices lacked coherence and direction. Whereas the community hospital understood the interrelationship between culture and HRM, the university hospital did not. Moreover, the university hospital showed only a modest understanding of competencies needed in managing HR function, which hampered its ability to identify competent HR managers and employees. The community hospital made significant gains in the past few years in managing its culture and people by recruiting a competent HR manager. The relationship between HR practices and clinical outcomes was much less clear in the university hospital than it was in the community hospital.
21A number of field-based investigations have evidenced practically significant relationships 22 between clubhead velocity (CHV), vertical jump performance and maximum strength.
23Unfortunately, whilst these investigations provide a great deal of external validity, they are 24 unable to ascertain vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) variables that may relate to golfers' 25 CHVs. This investigation aimed to assess if the variance in European Challenge Tour golfers' 26 CHVs could be predicted by countermovement jump (CMJ) positive impulse (PI), isometric 27 mid-thigh pull (IMTP) peak force (PF) and rate of force development (RFD) from 0-50 ms, 0-28 100 ms, 0-150 ms and 0-200 ms. Thirty-one elite level European Challenge Tour golfers 29 performed a CMJ and IMTP on dual force plates at a tournament venue, with CHV measured 30 on a driving range. Hierarchical multiple regression results indicated that the variance in CHV 31 was significantly predicted by all four models (model one R 2 = 0.379; model two R 2 = 0.392, 32 model three R 2 = 0.422, model four R 2 = 0.480), with Akaike's information criterion indicating 33 that model one was the best fit. Individual standardised beta coefficients revealed that CMJ PI 34 was the only significant variable, accounting for 37.9% of the variance in European Challenge 35 Tour Golfers' CHVs.36
Previous research has sought to establish the relationship countermovement jump (CMJ) performance has with clubhead velocity (CHV). However, these investigations either assessed lower skilled golfers, or utilised field-based protocols which are unable to assess a number of biomechanical variables. Fifty highly skilled golfers performed CMJs on Kistler force platforms in laboratory conditions. The CMJ variables included positive impulse, net impulse, average power, peak power, peak force, force at zero velocity and jump height. Clubhead velocity was measured using a TrackMan 3e launch monitor at a driving range. A Pearsons correlation was employed to measure the strength and direction of the relationships between CHV and CMJ derived performance variables. Results indicated strong positive relationships (all p's <0.001) between CHV and positive impulse (r = 0.695), net impulse (r = 0.689), average power (r = 0.645), peak power (r = 0.656), peak force (r = 0.517) and force at zero velocity (r = 0.528) with no significant relationship with jump height. However, if investigators only have access to field-based protocols, it is recommended that they measure jump height and utilise inverse dynamics to calculate take-off velocity. By multiplying take-off velocity by mass, this allows the attainment of net impulse.
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