Cricket is a global sport played in over 100 countries with elite performers attracting multimillion dollar contracts. Therefore, performers maintaining optimum physical fitness and remaining injury free is important. Fast bowlers have a vital position in a cricket team, and there is an increasing body of scientific literature that has reviewed this role over the past decade. Previous research on fast bowlers has tended to focus on biomechanical analysis and injury prevention in performers. However, this review aims to critically analyze the emerging contribution of physiological-based literature linked to fast bowling in cricket, highlight the current evidence related to simulated and competitive in-match performance, and relate this practically to the conditioning coach. Furthermore, the review considers limitations with past research and possible avenues for future investigation. It is clear with the advent of new applied mobile monitoring technology that there is scope for more ecologically valid and longitudinal exploration capturing in-match data, providing quantification of physiological workloads, and analysis of the physical demands across the differing formats of the game. Currently, strength and conditioning specialists do not have a critical academic resource with which to shape professional practice, and this review aims to provide a starting point for evidence in the specific area.

Whilst previous research has highlighted significant relationships between golfers' clubhead velocity (CHV) and their vertical jump height and maximum strength, these field-based protocols were unable to measure the actual vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) variables that may correlate to performance. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ) and drop jump (DJ) vGRF variables and CHV in highly skilled golfers. Twenty-seven male category 1 golfers performed IMTP, CMJ, SJ and DJ on a dual force platform. The vertical jumps were used to measure positive impulse during different stretch-shortening cycle velocities, with the IMTP assessing peak force (PF) and rate of force development (RFD). Clubhead velocity was measured using a TrackMan launch monitor at a golf driving range. Pearsons correlation coefficient analyses revealed significant relationships between peak CHV and CMJ positive impulse (r = 0.788, p < 0.001), SJ positive impulse (r = 0.692; p < 0.001), DJ positive impulse (r = 0.561, p < 0.01), PF (r = 0.482, p < 0.01), RFD from 0-150 ms (r = 0.343, p < 0.05) and RFD from 0-200 ms (r = 0.398, p < 0.05). The findings from this investigation indicate strong relationships between vertical ground reaction force variables and clubhead velocity.

21A number of field-based investigations have evidenced practically significant relationships 22 between clubhead velocity (CHV), vertical jump performance and maximum strength. 23Unfortunately, whilst these investigations provide a great deal of external validity, they are 24 unable to ascertain vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) variables that may relate to golfers' 25 CHVs. This investigation aimed to assess if the variance in European Challenge Tour golfers' 26 CHVs could be predicted by countermovement jump (CMJ) positive impulse (PI), isometric 27 mid-thigh pull (IMTP) peak force (PF) and rate of force development (RFD) from 0-50 ms, 0-28 100 ms, 0-150 ms and 0-200 ms. Thirty-one elite level European Challenge Tour golfers 29 performed a CMJ and IMTP on dual force plates at a tournament venue, with CHV measured 30 on a driving range. Hierarchical multiple regression results indicated that the variance in CHV 31 was significantly predicted by all four models (model one R 2 = 0.379; model two R 2 = 0.392, 32 model three R 2 = 0.422, model four R 2 = 0.480), with Akaike's information criterion indicating 33 that model one was the best fit. Individual standardised beta coefficients revealed that CMJ PI 34 was the only significant variable, accounting for 37.9% of the variance in European Challenge 35 Tour Golfers' CHVs.36

Context: Foot structure has been shown to affect aspects of neuromuscular control, including postural stability and proprioception. However, despite an association between pronated and supinated foot structures and the incidence of lateral ankle sprains, no one to our knowledge has measured muscle reaction time to a simulated ankle-sprain mechanism in participants with different foot structures.Objective: To determine whether pronated or supinated foot structures contribute to neuromuscular deficits as measured by muscle reaction time to a simulated ankle-sprain mechanism.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University biomechanics laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Thirty volunteers were categorized into 3 groups according to navicular-drop-height measures. Ten participants (4 men, 6 women) had neutral feet (navicular-drop height ¼ 5-9 mm), 10 participants (4 men, 6 women) had pronated feet (navicular-drop height ! 10 mm), and 10 participants (4 men, 6 women) had supinated feet (naviculardrop height 4 mm).Intervention(s): Three perturbations on a standing tilt platform simulating the mechanics of an inversion and plantarflexion ankle sprain.Main Outcome Measure(s): Muscle reaction time in milliseconds of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, and gluteus medius to the tilt-platform perturbation.Results: Participants with pronated or supinated foot structures had slower peroneus longus reaction times than participants with neutral feet (P ¼ .01 and P ¼ .04, respectively). We found no differences for the tibialis anterior or gluteus medius.Conclusions: Foot structure influenced peroneus longus reaction time. Further research is required to establish the consequences of slower peroneal reaction times in pronated and supinated foot structures. Researchers investigating lower limb muscle reaction time should control for foot structure because it may influence results.Key Words: tilt platform, arch height, injuries, neuromuscular control Key PointsReaction time of the peroneus longus muscle was slower in participants with pronated and supinated feet than in participants with neutral feet. Reaction times of the tibialis anterior and gluteus medius muscles were not different among groups. Further research is required to investigate if the risk of sustaining a lateral ankle sprain is greater in people with pronated or supinated feet than in people with neutral feet.

Results reveal postural sway deficits in ankles with FAI. They also demonstrate a significant relationship between PL and PB reaction times and postural sway in UA. Individuals who sustain an acute ankle sprain and those with FAI require rehabilitation that improves proprioception, strengthens the evertors and dorsiflexors, and restores peroneal reaction time.