White Agaricus bisporus is both the most popular and the most commonly eaten edible mushroom species in the world. It is popular not only because of its taste, but also due to its high level of nutrients: dietary fi ber (chitin), essential, semi-essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids including linoleic and linolenic acids, easily digestible proteins, sterols, phenolic and indole compounds, and vitamins − especially provitamin D 2 and B 1 , B 2 , B 6 , B 7 , and C. Fruiting bodies of A. bisporus have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-infl ammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activity. The presence of antioxidant ergothioneine (which also displays the antimutagenic, chemo-and radioprotective activity) is also noteworthy. A. bisporus also contains derivatives of benzoquinone, a substance which belongs to the group of antibiotics. Studies of tyrosinase isolated from this species show its very high similarity to human tyrosinase. This points directly to the fact that this species could be a rich source of tyrosinase used for medicinal and cosmetics purposes. A. bisporus is also a rich source of selenium, zinc and other elements such as magnesium, copper, iron, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur or manganese. In conclusion, the presence of these compounds and elements with biological activity in fruiting bodies of A. bisporus confi rms their nutraceutical and medicinal properties. Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/12/18 5:17 AM

The use of herbs or their parts: leaves, roots, rhizomes, flowers, seeds, natural strains, as well as extracts or isolated metabolites is becoming more and more popular. Natural remedies not only act prophylactically, but also help to alleviate symptoms of many diseases and enhance the overall functioning of the internal organs. Many raw materials of natural origin plays a role in treatment of health problems, and also in case of serious diseases such as depression. Depression (affective disorder) now affects about 10% of the population, but in next few years due to the development of civilization and increasing pace of life, the probable number of people suffering from this disease can grow rapidly. Natural raw materials such as Bacopa monnieri, Crocus sativus, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Griffonia simplicifolia, Hypericum perforatum, Sceletium tortuosum, Piper methysticum, Rhodiola rosea, Aspalathus linearis, Camellia sinensis, Ficus carica, Lycium chinense, Cuminum cyminum, Panax Ginseng can effectively assist the prevention and treatment of depression. Daily diet may also have positive effect in prevention of this disease. It was found that 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, L-tryptophan (which are precursors of serotonin in the CNS), omega-3 fatty acids and anthranilic acid (vitamin L1) are able to improve mood. L-Tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan are present in the largest quantities in the fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in the flesh of fish, walnuts, soybeans, beans and chicken egg protein, while the anthranilic acid is commonly found in plants.

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The objective of this study was to obtain the cultures of under controlled conditions and investigate the release of indole compounds and zinc from the mycelium of to artificial digestive juices under conditions similar to those in the human gastrointestinal tract. Biomass was obtained from cultures grown using both only the Oddoux medium as well as the same medium with added zinc hydroaspartate and zinc sulfate. The release of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, L-tryptophan, and serotonin from the biomass extracts to the artificial digestive juices was determined. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was used to demonstrate that zinc is released from each of the extracted materials. The total amount of zinc in the materials under study was estimated to be between 7.12 and 44.15 mg/100 g dry weight. It was demonstrated that cultures of grown using appropriately selected media may supplement zinc and indole compounds.

Summary. The analysis demonstrated that biomass of Agaricus bisporus, Boletus badius,and Cantharellus cibarius contains non-hallucinogenic indole compounds. Addition of L-tryptophan to the in vitro cultures raised the total content of indole compounds. L-Tryptophan became metabolized, causing an increase of the concentration of some indole compounds. The compounds found in the tested biomass from in vitro culture on Oddoux medium without and with addition of L-tryptophan were L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, serotonin, melatonin, tryptamine, and 5-methyltryptamine (ranged from 4.28 to 132.51 mg/100 g dry weight). L-Tryptophan is an amino acid exogenous to the human body, and therefore, it must be supplied to the body with food. The highest amount of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan was found in the extracts from biomass of B. badius cultured on medium with addition of L-tryptophan (132.51 mg/100 g dry weight). Also, in this case, the highest total content of examined indole compounds (168.00 mg/100 g dry weight) was determined. Melatonin was found only in biomass of A. bisporus cultured on medium with addition of L-tryptophan but in smaller amount (4.28 mg/100 g dry weight).