It is undesirable to expect 100% treatment coverage for depression, given many will remit before access to services is feasible. Data were drawn from consenting wait-list and primary-care samples, which potentially over-represented mild-to-moderate cases of depression. Considering reported rates of spontaneous remission, a short untreated period seems defensible for this subpopulation, where judged appropriate by the clinician. Conclusions may not apply to individuals with more severe depression.

Common mental disorders (CMDs) are highly prevalent in the working population, and are associated with long-term sickness absence and disability. Workers on sick leave with CMDs would benefit from interventions that enable them to successfully return to work (RTW). However, the effectiveness of RTW interventions for workers with a CMD is not well studied. The objective of this review is to assess the effectiveness of existing workplace and clinical interventions that were aimed at enhancing RTW. A systematic review of studies of interventions for improving RTW in workers with a CMD was conducted. The main outcomes were proportion of RTW and sick-leave duration until RTW. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from Medline/PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, SocINDEX, and Human resource and management databases from January 1995 to 2016. Two authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We pooled studies that we deemed sufficiently homogeneous in different comparison groups and assessed the overall quality of the evidence. We reviewed 2347 abstracts from which 136 full-text articles were reviewed and 16 RCTs were included in the analysis. Combined results from these studies suggested that the available interventions did not lead to improved RTW rates over the control group [pooled risk ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-1.12], but reduced the number of sick-leave days in the intervention group compared to the control group, with a mean difference of -13.38 days (95% CI -24.07 to -2.69).

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Neurofilament (NF) protein [high molecular mass (NF‐H)] is extensively phosphorylated in vivo. The phosphorylation occurs mainly in its characteristic KSP (Lys‐Ser‐Pro) repeat motifs. There are two major types of KSP motifs in the NF‐H tail domain: KSPXKX and KSPXXX. Recent studies by two different laboratories have demonstrated the presence of a cdc2‐like kinase [cyclin‐dependent kinase‐5 (cdk5)] in nervous tissue that selectively phosphorylates KSPXKX and XS/TXK motifs in NF‐H and lysine‐rich histone (H1). This article describes the identification of phosphatases dephosphorylating three different substrates: histone (H1), NF‐H in a NF preparation, and a bacterially expressed C‐terminal tail domain of NF‐H, each containing KSPXKX repeats phosphorylated in vitro by cdk5. Among various phosphatases identified, protein phosphatase (PP) 2A from rabbit skeletal muscle appeared to be the most effective phosphatase in in vitro assays. Three phosphatase activity peaks—P1, P2, and P3—were partially purified from frozen rat spinal cord by ion exchange and size exclusion column chromatography and then characterized on the basis of biochemical, pharmacological, and immunochemical studies. One of the three peaks was identified as PP2A, whereas the others were mixtures of both PP2A and PP1. These three peaks could dephosphorylate cdk5‐phosphorylated 32P‐histone (H1), 32P‐NF‐H in the NF preparation, and 32P‐NF‐H tail fusion protein. These studies suggest the involvement of PP2A or a PP2A‐like activity in the regulation of the phosphorylation state of KSPXKX motifs in NF‐H.

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Freshly formed Ru/Ti oxide anodes, containing between 5 and 40 atom % Ru, have been examined for their Tafel behavior during chlorine evolution, as well as their cyclic voltammetric ͑CV͒ and ac impedance response at the open-circuit potential, in chlorinefree NaCl solutions. Also, 30 atom % Ru electrodes have been electrochemically deactivated, as seen by an increase in the anode potential and the Tafel slope for the chlorine evolution reaction during long-term electrolysis. A comparison of the data for the fresh and the deactivated anodes suggests that the deactivated anodes have similar electrochemical characteristics as freshly formed, low-Ru-content ͑ca. 5 atom %͒ oxide films. To understand this better, the experimentally obtained ac impedance data were compared to the calculated impedance, based on a porous film model in which a one-electron surface redox reaction occurs. While the fit is good at medium-to-high frequencies, the inclusion of a diffusion-controlled process for the low atom percent Ru films is required to achieve a good fit also at low frequencies. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the deactivation of originally high atom percent Ru anodes is due to the depletion of Ru from the oxide film, causing its electrochemical behavior to become more similar to that of freshly formed low atom percent Ru oxide films. Ru/Ti oxide anodes, formed by thermal decomposition techniques on titanium substrates and used in the chlor-alkali industry, typically contain Ͼ30 atom % RuO 2 , the remaining being TiO 2 . 1,2The Ru metal loading in these oxide mixtures is generally in the range of 4-10 g/m 2 , depending on whether their use is in diaphragm or in membrane ͑or chlorate͒ cells. Ru/Ti oxides of this composition typically exhibit chlorine evolution overpotentials of 40-60 mV at 200-250 mA/cm 2 in 5 M NaCl solutions at 80-90°C. However, with extended usage in cells in practice, the chlorine overpotential sometimes increases to 300-400 mV, and the anode is considered to have become ''deactivated.'' This is clearly an undesirable situation, and hence, the focus in this paper is to understand the origin of anode deactivation more clearly.The possible mechanisms relevant to the deactivation of RuO 2 /TiO 2 -based anodes during the course of the chlorine ͑and oxygen͒ evolution reactions have been the subject of several recent reviews 1-3 and various publications. One possible cause of anode deactivation is a loss of active sites for chlorine evolution by blockage of insoluble surface layers ͑e.g., MnO 2 , BaSO 4 , Fe oxides, etc.͒ or impurities ͑e.g., organics͒ which arise from impurities in the feed brine to the cells.Another possibility is the formation of an insulating TiO 2 layer at the Ti/coating interface with time of anodic polarization, [8][9][10]24 although there is no direct supporting evidence for this hypothesis. A further option is that a loss of Ru occurs from the coating, either throughout the film or only at its outer surface. 9,12,20,23,25 This may take place by erosion and/o...

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Chemical flooding has great potential for enhancing heavy oil recovery, especially for reservoirs where thermal methods are not feasible. It has been shown that the formation of emulsions during chemical flooding can effectively improve sweep efficiency and, consequently, increase heavy oil recovery. The mechanism of flow of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion in porous media has been extensively studied and simulated using the filtration theory. Few studies have been done for the modelling of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion flow in heavy oil reservoirs. This study experimentally investigated the effective viscosity of W/O emulsion in porous media. Alkaline flooding tests were performed in channelled sandpacks to demonstrate the effectiveness of sweep efficiency improvement by the in-situ produced W/O emulsions. High tertiary oil recoveries were obtained for all these tests. The alkaline flooding process was simulated by including the observed flow behaviour of extra resistance to water phase flow caused by the formation of W/O emulsions, as well as the adsorption of chemicals, interfacial tension reduction, and in-situ generation of W/O emulsions. These laboratory results and the developed simulation technique are proposed as an improvement to the simulation and design of the field-scale projects of chemical flooding for heavy oil recovery. Introduction Many heavy oil reservoirs in Western Canada are not suitable for steam injection techniques due to thin pay thickness. Both field and laboratory results demonstrate that waterflooding of heavy oil reservoirs can only achieve a very low oil recovery. The main causes for the poor sweep efficiency of waterflooding for these heavy oil reservoirs are very adverse mobility ratio, natural area and vertical reservoir heterogeneity and heterogeneity induced by primary production(1,2). Therefore, improving mobility ratio and blocking water flow through channels are essential for improving heavy oil recovery. The in-situ formation of emulsions during alkaline flooding has been recognized as one of the efficient methods to improve sweep efficiency for heavy oil recovery(3,4,5). The effectiveness of alkaline flooding for acidic crudes was recognized as early as in the 1920s(6). Jennings et al.(3) proposed the mechanism of emulsification and entrapment for alkaline flooding. They carried out caustic flooding tests using a heavy oil. Their results showed that the in-situ produced O/W emulsions tended to plug water fingering and channels, resulting in improved sweep efficiency. Johnson(7) summarized possible mechanisms of alkaline flooding to improve oil recovery: dispersion and entrainment, wettability reversal, and emulsification and entrapment. The formation of W/O emulsions was also observed as a mechanism of improving oil recovery(8,9).