According to McGuire & McGuire's (1981) distinctiveness postulate, being a member of a numerical minority on some descriptive dimension is said to render that dimension a more salient aspect of self. Self‐categorization and social identity theories (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher & Wetherell, 1987) predict that the presence of two groups (irrespective of relative size) should be sufficient, under certain specifiable conditions, to make in‐group‐defining characteristics salient. In the present study female students with traditional sex‐role orientations observed a sexist advertisement. They were in eight‐person groups of varying sex composition. There was a significant overall difference beween all‐female groups and mixed‐sex groups on a measure of gender salience. Gender was less salient in the all‐female groups. In addition, there was a clear positive correlation between mention of gender (i.e. salience) and endorsement of traditional sex‐role attitudes. The results lend more support to a social identity analysis than to a distinctiveness analysis of identity salience.

No abstract

No abstract

Fatty acid oxidation by bovine liver slices and mitochondria was examined to determine potential regulatory sites of fatty acid oxidation. Conversion of 1-[14C]palmitate to 14CO2 and total [14C]acid-soluble metabolites was used to measure fatty acid oxidation. Oxidation of palmitate (1 mM) was linear in both liver slice weight and incubation time. Carnitine stimulated palmitate oxidation; 2 mM dl-carnitine produced maximal stimulation of palmitate oxidation to both CO2 and acid-soluble metabolites. Propionate (10 mM) inhibited palmitate oxidation by bovine liver slices. Clofenapate, an inhibitor of fatty acid esterification, alone increased palmitate oxidation and was able to prevent the propionate-induced inhibition of palmitate oxidation by liver slices. Propionate (.5 to 10 mM) had no effect on palmitate oxidation by mitochondria, but malonyl Coenzyme A, the first committed intermediate of fatty acid synthesis, inhibited mitochondrial palmitate oxidation (inhibition constant = .3 microM). Liver mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21) exhibited Michaelis constants for palmitoyl Coenzyme A and l-carnitine of 11.5 microM and .59 mM, respectively. Long-chain fatty acid oxidation in bovine liver is regulated by mechanisms similar to those in rats but adapted to the unique digestive physiology of the bovine.

No abstract

Cows (890) in 15 US herds were assigned randomly in equal numbers to control or bST injections (500 mg in a prolonged-release form every 14 d for 12 wk) within three stages of lactation (57 to 100, 101 to 140, and 141 to 189 d postpartum) and two parity groups (primiparous and multiparous). Yield and milk composition were monitored 1 d/wk for 16 wk including 2 wk pretreatment and 2 wk posttreatment. Increases in milk and FCM due to bST injections were less at 57 to 100 d than at 101 to 189 d postpartum (milk 3.6 vs. 5.5; FCM 3.9 vs. 6.1 kg/d per cow), and increases in milk and FCM were more for multiparous than for primiparous cows (milk 5.5 vs. 4.2; FCM 6.0 vs. 4.7 kg/d cow). Temporarily, concentration of milk fat increased and protein decreased; later, concentrations for control and injected cows were similar. Postinjection milk fat concentration decreased, but milk protein concentration increased temporarily. The net increase in milk (and FCM) varied significantly among herds from 2.9 to 7.6 kg/d per cow (mean, 4.9 kg). Responses in FCM were similar over a wide range of pretreatment yields. A great variety of feed ingredients were fed as total mixed rations, and nutrient concentrations varied greatly. The SCC were similar before, during, and after treatment, but increase in FCM of injected cows exhibited a negative correlation with pretreatment SCC. Changes in body condition score of sometribove-injected cows varied among herds (.25 to -.45) and averaged -.02 compared with .07 for controls. There was no pattern in incidence of mastitis during sometribove injections.

No abstract

No abstract