Fishmeal is being trusted as the most reliable protein source due to its nutritional quality in terms of attractability, palatability, digestibility, excellent nutrient profiles to fulfil the dietary requirement of aquatic species. The aquaculture sector consumes >70% of global fishmeal, though aqua feeds constitute only 4% in total industrial feed production (900-1,000 Mt in 2018). The global fishmeal production has shown a downward trend of 26.50% during 2000 to 2018 due to the occurrences of El Niño-Southern Oscillationsand other climatic events, which in turn increased the fishmeal price from 452 USD/t (2000) to 1596.54 USD/t (2018). The increasing trend of aquaculture production along with reduced fish-in/fish-out ratios (0.63 in 2000 to 0.33, 0.22 in 2010 and 2015 respectively) indicates the resilience of the aquafeed sector for fishmeal replacement. The wide availability, reasonable price and reliable nutrient content made an interest in plant protein sources, but their utilization was limited due to poor digestibility, imbalanced profiles of essential nutrients and the presence of anti-nutrients. Numerous methodologies are invented in recent times to enrich the nutritional qualities for maximizing the utilization of plant proteins in aquafeed formulations. The present review concludes that the aquafeed sector should use climate economics and technological innovations for substituting fishmeal to formulate the cost-effective feeds. K E Y W O R D Sclimate change, fermentation, fishmeal, input, output ratio, plant protein sources, shrimp feed

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A 16-week indoor culture trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying C:N ratio on growth performance, physico-chemical parameters, microbial dynamics, feed utilization, and immunological parameters. The experiment comprised of five biofloc treatment groups (with varying C:N ratio 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1) and a control with three replicates each, having 100 nos/m 3 as stocking density in 500 L tanks with constant aeration. The C:N ratios of the treatments were manipulated using molasses as an organic carbon source whereas there was no carbon source added in control. The water quality parameters monitored throughout the experiment were found to be within permissible limits in shrimp culture. At the end of the experiment, it was observed that there were significant differences between the treatment groups and the control regarding absolute growth, SGR, FCR, PER, and FER.Furthermore, a considerable difference in immunological parameters, namely, THC, phagocytosis, and PO activity (17.5 × 10 6 cells per ml, 43.5%, 0.112 Units min −1 mg min −1 ), was recorded among the treatments compared to that of the control groups (6.2 × 10 6 cells per ml, 31.5%, 0.051 Units min −1 mg min −1 ) respectively. Enhanced growth and survival with substantial disease resistance were recorded in C15 treatment. The results indicate that the CN15 ratio coupled with minimal water exchange is optimal for improved survival, growth, and immune activity. K E Y W O R D S C:N ratio, molasses, water quality, zero-water exchange 1 | INTRODUCTION Availability of specific pathogen-free shrimp has resulted in increased shrimp farming in terms of culture as well as production. The choice of Litopenaeus vannamei over Penaeus monodon is primarily due to enhanced production, SPF availability, higher yield after processing, and higher market demand. Of late, biofloc technology (BFT) has gained momentum and positive response in shrimp and tilapia farming. In India, farmed shrimp production increased from <1 lakh tonnes in 2009 to 3.5 lakh tonnes in 2014. In 2016-2017, the production was over 5 lakh tonnes, accounting for 38% in quantity and 64.5% in value (Rs. 24,426 crores) of the total Indian seafood export worth 5.78 billion dollars (Rs. 37,870 crores) (MPEDA, 2017). The expanding culture system influences water quality and environmental factors. Due to intensification with higher stocking densities, there isHighlights Growth, physico-chemical, and microbiological parameters were substantially higher in carbon and nitrogen (CN) ratio treatments compared to control. Optimization of C:N ratio in L. vannamei culture revealed an optimum ratio of 15 to be ideal for a biofloc-based system. Challenge study revealed higher mortality in control compared to CN-treated groups when challenged with the pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus (MTCC 451). Carbon supplementation appears to influence heterotrophic bacteria and provides immunity and protective response under BFT-based rearing. Immune responses like THC, phagocytic activity, and proPhenoloxidase activity we...

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the principal constituent of a variety of cells especially the brain neurons and retinal cells and plays important role in fetal brain development, development of motor skills, and visual acuity in infants, lipid metabolism, and cognitive support and along with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) it plays important role in preventing atherosclerosis, dementia, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and so forth. Being an essential nutrient, it is to be obtained through diet and therefore searching for affordable sources of these ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is important for consumer guidance and dietary counseling. Fish is an important source of PUFA and has unique advantage that there are many food fish species available and consumers have a wide choice owing to availability and affordability. The Indian subcontinent harbors a rich fish biodiversity which markedly varies in their nutrient composition. Here we report the DHA and EPA content and fatty acid profile of 39 important food fishes (including finfishes, shellfishes, and edible molluscs from both marine water and freshwater) from India. The study showed that fishes Tenualosa ilisha, Sardinella longiceps, Nemipterus japonicus, and Anabas testudineus are rich sources of DHA and EPA. Promotion of these species as DHA rich species would enhance their utility in public health nutrition.

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