Fishmeal availability in the scenarios of climate change: Inevitability of fishmeal replacement in aquafeeds and approaches for the utilization of plant protein sources

Abstract

Fishmeal is being trusted as the most reliable protein source due to its nutritional quality in terms of attractability, palatability, digestibility, excellent nutrient profiles to fulfil the dietary requirement of aquatic species. The aquaculture sector consumes >70% of global fishmeal, though aqua feeds constitute only 4% in total industrial feed production (900-1,000 Mt in 2018). The global fishmeal production has shown a downward trend of 26.50% during 2000 to 2018 due to the occurrences of El Niño-Southern Oscillationsand other climatic events, which in turn increased the fishmeal price from 452 USD/t (2000) to 1596.54 USD/t (2018). The increasing trend of aquaculture production along with reduced fish-in/fish-out ratios (0.63 in 2000 to 0.33, 0.22 in 2010 and 2015 respectively) indicates the resilience of the aquafeed sector for fishmeal replacement. The wide availability, reasonable price and reliable nutrient content made an interest in plant protein sources, but their utilization was limited due to poor digestibility, imbalanced profiles of essential nutrients and the presence of anti-nutrients. Numerous methodologies are invented in recent times to enrich the nutritional qualities for maximizing the utilization of plant proteins in aquafeed formulations. The present review concludes that the aquafeed sector should use climate economics and technological innovations for substituting fishmeal to formulate the cost-effective feeds. K E Y W O R D Sclimate change, fermentation, fishmeal, input, output ratio, plant protein sources, shrimp feed

Effects of Dietary Fishmeal Replacement by Poultry By-Product Meal and Hydrolyzed Feather Meal on Liver and Intestinal Histomorphology and on Intestinal Microbiota of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)

“…Fishmeal was, and in many cases remains the primary protein source for the nutrition of farmed fish. However, it has become necessary to use low fishmeal diets because the global availability of fishmeal is stagnant, especially for those sourced from the wild, and its price has increased [3]. Land animal proteins, such as hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) are Appl.…”

Microbiome diversity and dysbiosis in aquaculture

“…2012; Jannathulla et al . 2019). The microbial communities associated with the environment and farmed animals are an important aspect of how these three challenges impact aquaculture.…”

“…In order to maintain global food security under the human population growth scenario where 9.8 billion people will populate the planet in 2050, like other food-producing sectors, the aquaculture industry should sustainably maintain its production growth (Hunter et al 2017;United Nations 2017;FAO 2018). For it to continue to expand, however, it will have to overcome production challenges related to disease, nutrition and environment (Brander 2007;Stentiford et al 2012;Jannathulla et al 2019). The microbial communities associated with the environment and farmed animals are an important aspect of how these three challenges impact aquaculture.…”

Biosynthesis of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Marine Gammarids: Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterisation of Three Fatty Acyl Elongases

“…FM and FO are mostly produced from feed-grade fish species and, with the rapid expansion of aquaculture worldwide, pressure on fisheries exploited for FM and FO production has remarkably increased, reaching and, on occasion, exceeding their ecological sustainability limit. This prompted interest in exploring alternative ingredients for aquaculture and, currently, raw materials derived from land animals or plants are commonly used to partly or totally replace FM and/or FO in aquafeeds [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. With respect to FO alternatives, oils derived from microalgae and transgenic oilseed crops have become available in recent years, representing promising sources of the n-3 LC-PUFAs [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”