No abstract

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da interação entre sistemas produtivos e estações do ano sobre a qualidade química e microbiológica do leite bovino, além de propor um índice de potencial nutracêutico do perfil de ácidos graxos do leite. Três propriedades foram avaliadas mensalmente, durante as diferentes estações do ano, em quatro graus de especialização dos sistemas de produção: altamente especializado, especializado, semiespecializado e não especializado. Os sistemas de produção e as estações do ano interferem de forma conjunta no perfil de ácidos graxos e, de forma isolada, na qualidade química e microbiológica do leite. As maiores contagens de células somáticas e os menores conteúdos de proteína foram observados no verão, e o grau de especialização das unidades produtivas esteve indiretamente relacionado à contagem bacteriana total no leite. No inverno, sistemas não especializados produziram leite com o melhor índice nutracêutico, que apresentaram os maiores teores de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, ácido rumênico (CLA, 18:2n7-c9,t11) e ácido t10,c12-octadecadienoico (CLA, 18:2n6-t10,c12).Termos para indexação: ácido linoleico conjugado, alimentos funcionais, perfil de ácidos graxos, qualidade do leite bovino. Quality and nutraceutical potential of bovine milk in different production systems and seasonsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the interaction between production systems and seasons on the chemical and microbiological qualities of bovine milk, besides proposing a potential nutraceutical index of milk fatty acid profiles. Three farms were assessed monthly, along the different seasons, for four specialization levels of the production systems: highly specialized, specialized, partially specialized, and nonspecialized. The production systems and the seasons jointly interfere in fatty acid profiles, and singly interfere in the chemical and microbiological quality of milk. The highest somatic cell counts and the lowest protein contents were observed in the summer, and the specialization level of the production units had an inverse relationship with the total bacterial count. During winter, nonspecialized systems produced milk with the best nutraceutical index, with the highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, rumenic acid (CLA, 18:2n7-c9,t11) and t10,c12-octadecadienoic acid (CLA,c12).

The aim was to evaluate how the fodder pre-dehydration time and its phenological stages influence on ruminal degradability and digestibility of ryegrass silage. The evaluated samples consisted of treatments: Vegetative: Cut and ensiled; cut + 4 hours pre-drying and ensiled and; cut + 7 hours pre-drying and ensiled; Pre-flowering: Silage cutting and ensiled and 4 hours pre-drying and ensiled; Flowering: cut and ensiled, no pre-drying, with four replications each treatment. Silage was storage for four months. It was carried out three in situ digestibility assays to determine the curve of ruminal degradability at different times (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours), like in situ digestibility and other three assays of 24 hours and 48 hours to determinate in vitro digestibility of silage. The digestibility of ryegrass silage was influenced by both the pre-dehydration times and phenological stage, and the dehydration time of cut and silage had a high proportion of degradable components, with higher degradation rate by 24 hours of incubation. The in vitro digestibility of the ryegrass silage was greater than that in situ for up to 48 hours. The digestibility of the ensiled ryegrass biomass was influenced by the dehydration times, as well as the plant growth stage, regardless of the methodology used, being higher values for the treatment without previous drying of the vegetative stage.

The use of brown rice grain as corn grain replacer in dairy cow diets was investigated. The following treatments were evaluated: zero, 33, 63, and 100%. The experimental diets were iso in protein, energy and fiber levels. Eight multiparus Jersey cows were used. A replicated Latin square experimental design was applied. The inclusion of brown rice had no effect (P > 0.05) on dry mater intake and their constituents, apparent digestibility, production and milk composition, feed efficiency and blood chemistry profile. Therefore, the brown rice grain can be used replacing corn grains alternative feedstuff in dairy cow diets.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo desenvolver e validar uma ferramenta semiológica para diagnóstico do nível de adoção e conformidade das boas práticas agropecuárias em fazendas de produção de leite, segundo requisitos preconizados pela Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) e pela International Dairy Federation (IDF). A ferramenta foi testada em 62 fazendas de produção de leite, em seis diferentes regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, como parte das ações do Projeto Protambo - "Transferência de tecnologias para o desenvolvimento da atividade leiteira no RS com base nas boas práticas agropecuárias" - da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa, entre janeiro de 2014 e março de 2017. A validação da ferramenta não apontou divergências estatisticamente significativas entre avaliadores, satisfazendo o parâmetro de exatidão para métodos de medições exigidos pela ISO/IEC 17025. Foi evidenciado um espaço de variação que mostrou desenvolvimento de métrica, em que se obteve consistência (coerência) de medição. O teste t-Student aproximado para a comparação de médias de não conformidades nas BPA mostrou melhora significativa no grupo tratamento (diagnóstico seguido de plano de ajuste) quando comparado ao controle (diagnóstico sem plano de ajuste subsequente). Essa nova abordagem semiológica contribui para a adoção das BPA em fazendas leiteiras, para a melhoria da qualidade do leite e da segurança na cadeia produtiva de lácteos.

The effects of diet supplementation with α-tocopherol acetate (VE) and selenium yeast (SeL) on the water holding capacity (WHC), cooking weight loss (CL), drip loss (DL), pH, colour and selenium concentration of the breast of chickens fed diets based on corn or brown rice were studied. From 21 days of age, a total of 200 birds were housed in 38 floor pens (experimental unit) in a randomised 2 3 factorial arrangement. The levels of supplementation were VE (0 and 200 mg/kg), organic selenium (0 and 0.3 ppm) and two diets (100% corn and 100% brown rice) in a total of eight treatments: T1) corn + 0 SeL + 0 VE (control); T2) corn + 200 mg/kg VE + 0 SeL; T3) corn + 0 VE + 0.3 ppm SeL; T4) corn + 200 mg/kg VE + 0.3 ppm SeL; T5) brown rice + 0 VE +0 SeL; T6) brown rice + 200 mg/kg VE + 0 SeL; T7) brown rice + 0 VE + 0.3 ppm SeL; T8) brown rice + 200 mg/kg VE + 0.3 ppm SeL. The concentration of selenium in the breast increased with VE supplementation in the diet (P < 0.001). However, a positive interaction between VE and SeL on selenium concentration in the meat was found (P = 0.06). A better WHC with the inclusion of SeL and VE was found only in the rice-based diets. The replacement of corn by brown rice decreased (P<0.05) the yellowness of the meat. CL and DL were not significantly affected by the treatments. Broilers fed with SeL supplemented diets showed a higher pH in the breast than diets without supplementation. In conclusion, the interaction between VE and SeL increased selenium in meat but improved WHC only in rice-based diets. The replacement of corn by brown rice decreased the yellowness of chicken breast meat. Key words: Colour. Cooking weight loss. Drip loss. pH. Water retention capacity. ResumoForam estudados os efeitos da suplementação com acetato de alfa-tocoferol (VE) e seleno-levedura (SeL) Sel-Plex, Alltech® Inc, sobre o pH, a capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), perdas por cocção (PC), perdas por gotejamento (PG), cor do músculo e a concentração de selênio no peito de frangos alimentados com dietas a base de milho ou arroz. A partir de 21 dias de idade 200 frangos de corte Cobb foram alojados em 38 boxes (unidade experimental) num delineamento casualizado num arranjo fatorial 2x2x2 em que foram fixados os níveis de suplementação "on top" de VE (0 e 200 mg/kg), SeL (0 e 0,3 ppm) e dois ingredientes da dieta (100% milho e 100% arroz integral) totalizando oito tratamentos: T1) milho + 0SeL + 0VE (controle); T2) milho + 200mg/kg VE + 0SeL; T3) milho + 0VE + 0,3ppm SeL; T4) milho + 200mg/kg VE + 0,3ppm SeL; T5) arroz + 0VE +0SeL; T6) arroz + 200mg/kg VE + 0SeL; T7) arroz + 0VE + 0,3ppm SeL; T8) arroz + 200mg/kg VE + 0,3ppm SeL. A quantidade de selênio no peito foi maior (P < 0,0001) com a inclusão de 200mg/kg de VE, em comparação com os demais tratamentos. Entretanto, observou-se uma interação positiva entre VE e SeL na dieta sobre a quantidade de selênio recuperada na carne (P = 0,06). Foi encontrada melhor CRA com a inclusão de SeL e VE em dietas a base de arroz. A substituição do milho por arro...

A trial was conducted to evaluate the use of dehulled and unpolished whole rice in Japanese quails' diet. A total of 100 80-days-old Japanese quails (149.07 ± 10 g) were distributed in five treatments: 0% dehulled and unpolished whole rice (control diet based on corn and soybean meal), 20, 40, 60, and 80% of whole rice in replacement of corn; respectively, treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Productive performance was evaluated through egg production (%), egg weight (g), body weight (g), egg mass (g), feed conversion per egg mass and feed conversion per dozen eggs. The following variables measured the internal quality of eggs: albumen height (mm), yolk color and percentage, egg white percentage and Haugh units. The external quality of eggs was measured through specific gravity (g cm-3), shell thickness (μm) and shell percentage. Treatment means were analyzed through polynomial regression at 5%. As the level of whole rice was increased in the diets, a significant linear increase in egg production (p = 0.005), egg mass (p = 0.007), shell thickness (p = 0.03) and specific gravity (p = 0.007) was observed. Feed conversion per egg mass (p = 0.006), feed conversion per dozen eggs (p = 0.003) and egg color (p < 0.0001), on the other hand, were reduced linearly. The increased utilization of whole rice increased the cost of the diet. In conclusion, the addition of dehulled and unpolished whole rice in partial substitution of corn in Japanese quails' diets increases the egg production and reduces the yolk color.

The aim was to assess if the replacement of fatty acid salts by oil seeds in diet of dairy cows and their effects about intake and digestibility, milk production and composition, feed efficiency, metabolic profile and milk fatty acid profile. Lipid sources evaluated were calcium salts of fatty acids (CS), linseed (LI), sunflower (SF) and soybean (SY). Diets were iso in protein, fiber and energy, with 58 g/kg (mean) of crude fat in dry matter. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the intake of nutrient fractions. The protein digestibility was lower for SY (P < 0.001) due the fraction derived from the grain in that treatment. The ether extract digestibility was higher for CS treatment (P < 0.001), and no difference was found between the grains sources. Milk production was higher in CS, when milk production was corrected for energy, these differences disappeared. Little effect on milk composition (g/kg) was observed, only for lactose. The sources used do not affect feed efficiency, energy balance and blood metabolic profile. in CS. When observed milk fatty acid profile, there was an increase influence by CS There was no difference for saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), however, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were higher for SF (P = 0.0172). The lipid sources evaluated can be used in early lactation without negative effects being able to replace calcium salts of fatty acids in diets.