S u m m a r y β-sitosterol and two triterpenoids: ursolic acid acetate and platanic acid have been isolated from ethanolic extract of Vitex trifola leaves. β-sitosterol was previously isolated from the leaves, stem and seeds of Vitex trifolia. Ursolic acid acetate has been isolated for the first time in this plant species. Platanic acid has been reported for the first time in Vitex trifolia and even in the family of this plant: Verbenaceae. These compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods including 1D-1 HNMR, 13 CNMR, ESIMS and 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC, COSY) experiments and confirmed by comparison of their NMR data with those from the literature. A preliminary molluscicidal test for ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane extracts of leaves of Vitex trifolia against Biomphalaria alexandrina adult snails showed that ethanol extract of leaves with LC 50 value 26.42 mg/l (27.92 mg/l -24.99 mg/l) was more effective than n-hexane extract with LC 50 value 35.48 mg/l (43.81 mg/l -28.72mg/l) and chloroform extract with LC 50 value 46.77 mg/l (53.59 mg/l -43.81 mg/l) after 24 h exposure.
Water decontamination became a priority-based focused area for environmental scientists and researchers these days. Several contaminants like pesticides (chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, aldrin, lindane, malathion) and heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu) are broadly reported in drinking water worldwide. Pesticides and heavy metals build up in drinking water is a danger to all consumers. These pollutants cause a number of deadly diseases like bone deformity, nerve disorder, liver damage and cancer. So, their elimination from drinking water is a must to do thing to save life of the living creatures. Several pollutant removal processes are applied for the eliminations of these contaminants from water, of which adsorption and photocatalysis are latest, effective and focused in this paper. Thus, this review will focused on the recent work done using zinc and iron oxides nanomaterials as adsorbent for the removal of different heavy metals and photocatalysts for the mineralization of various pesticides.
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