It is essential to have a good knowledge of laser operation and of which type of laser is most appropriate for each lesion.

Background - Little information is available regarding the eruption chronology of Spanish children. Therefore, it is important to acquire accurate eruption parameters for the Spanish population. Aim - To establish the chronology of the permanent dentition. Design - A cross-sectional study based on a sample of 1123 Spanish Caucasian children ranging from 5 to 15 years of age, from three different schools in Barcelona, Spain. Results - The sample is representative of the Spanish population with regards to age, height and weight; and large enough to achieve the desired 95% confidence level. The results appear in the eruption tables included in the body of this paper. Conclusions - In both boys and girls, the lower left central incisor is the first, and the upper right second molar is the last tooth to erupt. Mandibular teeth tend to erupt before the corresponding maxillary teeth; however, there is no difference between the left and right sides of each arch. The results obtained are in agreement with similar studies performed in other groups of Caucasian children.

The present research reveals for the first time a statistically significant relationship between atopic dermatitis and food allergies with the presence of molar-incisor hypomineralization.

BackgroundMolar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH) is a disturbance in dental development that commonly involves first permanent molars but permanent incisors may also be compromised. The prevalence of MIH in the literature varies between 2.5% and 40% of the world child population. Little information is gained on the prevalence of MIH among children in Spain.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MIH among school children from Barcelona, Spain.Material and methodsA cross-sectional study which included 705 children, aged 6 -14 years and 11 months was carried out. Full mouth examinations were performed using the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria for the diagnosis of MIH.ResultsA total of 56 cases of MIH were found, 22 (39.3%) boys and 34 (60.7%) girls. The prevalence was 7.94% (6.39% for boys and 9.41% for girls). MIH lesions were seen more often in girls than boys (χ2 = 4.9, p= 0.023) the male/female ratio being 1:1.54. Upper teeth were more prevalent than lower teeth in both genders with an upper/lower ratio of 1.86/1 for boys and 1.68/1 for girls.ConclusionConsidered either by gender or by teeth, upper teeth and girls were ahead in our sample.

Many studies have questioned the toxic effects of formocresol, one of which is its systemic distribution. This study focused on determining whether there was risk of acute hepatic lesion after the use of intravenous formaldehyde in doses for multiple pulpotomies in rats. Histological and biochemical changes were evaluated. Results showed that very high doses of formaldehyde injected into rats, doses that were much higher than those given for multiple pulp treatments in a single session in Pediatric Dentistry, showed no signs of liver toxicity.