Proper oocyte maturation is crucial for subsequent embryo development; however, oocyte mitochondrial and lipid-droplet behaviour are still poorly understood. Although excessive lipid accumulation during in vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos has been linked with impaired cryotolerance, lipid oxidation is essential for adequate energy supply. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) are supplements used during IVP, containing high and low lipid content, respectively. This study aimed to understand how these supplements influence oocyte mitochondrial and lipid behaviour during in vitro maturation (IVM) in comparison to in vivo maturation, as well as their influence on development rates and embryo lipid accumulation during IVP. We demonstrate that only in vivo-matured oocytes maintained correlation between lipid content and active mitochondria. IVM media containing FBS increased total lipid content 18-fold and resulted in higher lipid accumulation in oocytes when compared with media with BSA. IVM using a lower FBS concentration combined with BSA resulted in satisfactory maturation and embryo development and also reduced lipid accumulation in blastocysts. In conclusion, IVM causes changes in mitochondrial and lipid dynamics, which may have negative effects on oocyte development rates and embryo lipid accumulation. Moreover, decreasing FBS concentrations during IVM may reduce embryo lipid accumulation without affecting production rates.

The American continent was colonized in the 16th century by Europeans who first introduced cattle of Bos taurus origin. Accounts register introduction of Bos indicus cattle into South America in the 19th and continuing through the 20th century, and most reported imports were males derived from the Indian subcontinent. In the present study we show, by using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism, major participation of matrilineages of taurus origin in the American Zebu purebred origin, i.e., 79, 73 and 100% for the Nellore, Gyr and Brahman breeds, respectively. Moreover, we have created a restriction map identifying polymorphism among B. taurus and B. indicus mtDNA using three restriction enzymes. Results are discussed concerning American Zebu origins and potential use of this information for investigating the contribution of cytoplasmic genes in cattle production traits.
O continente americano foi colonizado no século XVI por europeus que fizeram as primeiras introduções de bovinos, de origem taurina. Os registros das primeiras importações de Zebus para a América do Sul datam do século XIX e continuam até o século XX, constituídos na maioria por machos do sub-continente indiano. Neste artigo, demonstramos, através dos estudos de polimorfismos no DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA), uma participação majoritária de matriarcas de origem taurina na formação do Zebu PO americano (79% dos animais analisados da raça Nelore, 73% na Gir e 100% na Brahman). Ainda, criamos um mapa de restrição com os polimorfismos descritos de três enzimas de restrição. Os resultados estão discutidos em termos da origem do Zebu americano e da aplicação deste conhecimento no estudo dos efeitos do genoma citoplasmático, nas características produtivas dos bovinos

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In recent decades, direct solid sample analysis has been reported in the literature as an alternative to traditional methods of sample preparation, becoming well established in the atomic spectrometry field.

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The objective was to evaluate reproductive tract development (ovary and uterus) and onset of puberty in two lines of Nellore heifers (Bos indicus) selected for postweaning weight. A total of 123 heifers, including 46 from the control Nellore line (NeC) and 77 from the selection Nellore line (NeS) were used. Every 18 to 21 days from 12 to 24 months of age, average ovarian area (OVA), endometrial thickness (ETh), and diameter of the largest follicle in each ovary were evaluated (using transrectal ultrasonography), and body weight, hip height, and body condition score were measured. There were no differences between NeS and NeC heifers for ETh or OVA (P < 0.05). Genetic selection for higher postweaning weight had no negative influence on the onset of puberty, with 52% and 48% of NeC and NeS heifers, respectively, pubertal at 24 months of age (P = 0.49). Heifers that reached puberty at the end of the study were heavier (NeC, 296.9 vs. 276.7 kg; NeS, 343.5 vs. 327.9 kg; P < 0.01) and younger (NeC, 23.4 vs. 24.2 mo; NeS, 22.7 vs. 24.0 months; P < 0.01) than those that did not. Furthermore, heifers that were heavier at weaning reached puberty earlier. Pubertal heifers had a greater OVA (4.15 vs. 3.14 cm(2); P < 0.01) and ETh (12.15 vs. 9.93 mm; P < 0.01) than nonpubertal heifers. Taken together, OVA and ETh had positive effects (P < 0.01) on the onset of puberty and were suitable indicator traits of heifer sexual precocity in pasture management systems. However, selection for weight did not alter ovarian or endometrial development, or manifestation of puberty at 24 months of age. Among the growth traits studied, weaning weight and weight at puberty had significant positive effects on manifestation of first estrus.

Management of the solar spectrum incident on a solar cell was studied using tellurite glasses doped with Tb 3 þ and Yb 3 þ ions as a cover slip. From the transmittance measurements through the doped glass, a red-shift of the solar spectrum was observed and the mechanisms involved in this phenomena were investigated through the absorption spectra and luminescent measurements. Energy transfer of the UV radiation into VIS and IR radiation was elucidated by analyzing the emission spectra. From the results, the power dependence of the Yb 3 þ IR luminescence on the pumping laser intensity at 482 nm revealed that the energy transfer mechanism involving a virtual state was predominant in these samples. Total quantum efficiency higher than 100% was obtained for the sample co-doped with 1% of Tb 3 þ ions and 5% of Yb 3 þ ions. The efficiency of commercial Silicon and Gallium Phosphide (GaP) solar cells, covered with tellurite glasses doped with Tb 3 þ and Yb 3 þ ions, was measured and compared to the efficiency with an un-doped the cover glass. Efficiency enhancement was observed with a dependence on the rare earth ions concentrations, and the results were attributed to the modification of the spectral profile of the incident radiation in the IR region.

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