“…Physiological oxygen concentrations are around 2-8% in the reproductive tract (Fischer and Bavister, 1993;Mastroianni and Jones, 1965), and studies on multiple mammalian species have shown that culture in 20% oxygen is detrimental for embryo development, resulting in slower cleavage timings (Wale and Gardner, 2010;Weinerman et al, 2016), lower blastocyst rates and cell numbers (Batt et al, 1991;Quinn and Harlow, 1978;Tervit et al, 1972;Thompson et al, 1990;Whitten, 1971), increased apoptosis (Van Soom et al, 2002;Yuan et al, 2003), more frequent aneuploidy (Bean et al, 2002), more DNA damage (Kitagawa et al, 2004;Takahashi et al, 2000) and higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations (Goto et al, 1993;Kitagawa et al, 2004;Kwon et al, 1999). Atmospheric oxygen in culture is also associated with differential preimplantation gene expression (Harvey et al, 2004;Kind et al, 2005;Meuter et al, 2014;Rinaudo et al, 2006), histone remodelling and global methylation (Gaspar et al, 2015;Li et al, 2014), alterations of the proteome (Katz-Jaffe et al, 2005), secretome (Kubisch and Johnson, 2007;Rodina et al, 2009) and metabolism (Khurana and Wales, 1989;Wale and Gardner, 2012) compared with 5% oxygen. These changes result in perturbed post-implantation development following culture in 20% oxygen (de Waal et al, 2014;Fischer-Brown et al, 2005;Karagenc et al, 2004).…”