"Vacuum" phenomena relate to the accumulation of gas, principally nitrogen, in crevices within the intervertebral disk or vertebra. Their appearance does not uniformly indicate "degenerative" disk disease (primary intervertebral osteochondrosis), as gaseous collections may accompany other processes (vertebral osteomyelitis, Schmorl node formation, spondylosis deformans, vertebral collapse with osteonecrosis) affecting the disk and adjacent vertebral bodies. The location and appearance of the "vacuum" phenomena are helpful indicators as to the precise nature of the spinal disorder.

Reirradiation with HT in patients with LRNPC is feasible and yields encouraging results in terms of local control and overall survival with acceptable toxicity.

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SABR delivered by image-guided HT is well tolerated and offers adequate LC with low acute morbidity in patients with extracranial oligometastatic disease. We found that the response to HT was the only predictor for OS.

Angiographic studies were carried out on 21 patients with systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Four basic arterial anomalies were found: (1) saccular microaneurysms appeared in 62% of the patients (2) arterial thrombosis was seen in 81% of patients; (3) arterial stenosis occurred in 81%; and (4) lumen irregularities occurred in 90%. Alterations in the renal vascular flow were also observed in accordance with changes in the cortical medullary differentiation, heterogeneous nephrogram, and prolonged washout. Two patients showed regression of microaneurysms after immunosuppressive therapy. We found angiography to be a low-risk technique of use for diagnosis and followup studies on vasculitis.