We examine organizational field change instigated by activists. Contrary to existing views emphasizing incumbent resistance, we suggest that collaboration between incumbents and challenger movements may emerge when a movement's cultural and relational fabric becomes moderately structured, creating threats and market opportunities but remaining permeable to external influence. We also elucidate how lead incumbents' attempts at movement cooptation may be deflected th.rnugh distributed brokerage. The resulting confluence of cultural and relational "structural.ion" between movement and field accelerates the pace but dilutes the radicalness of institutional innovation, ensuring ongoing, incremental field change. Overall, this article contributes to the emergent literature on field dynamics by uncovering the evolution and outcomes of collaborative work at the intersection of social movements and incumbent fields.

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Different initiatives have been proposed to enhance the level of sustainability in the tourism industry. In the Netherlands, the professional association of tour operators has developed and implemented a product-oriented environmental management system among its members. Contrary to most initiatives in the tourism industry, this scheme is mandatory. This case therefore provides an interesting account of how a professional association attempts to engage tour operators in a change process towards sustainability. Adopting an institutional change perspective, we distinguish two approaches to get a targeted population involved in processes of change: (a) treating them as objects who have no choice other than to follow up to the expectations exerted upon them; or (b) as subjects who are able to influence those expectations. By analyzing the content of two periodicals the Dutch association has published over the last decade, we explore whether the Dutch tour operators were treated as objects or as subjects in this trajectory of change. Our results show that the dichotomy between object and subject masks a wide variety of how professional associations may approach their members, while it also illustrates how these approaches can change over time. We conclude with recommendations for professional associations who are planning to move their industry branch towards sustainable tourism.