increase in protein expression level. This suggested that UV irradiation promotes both activation and expression levels of the Rfp-Ret kinase. Rfp-Ret kinase is constitutively active due to its oncogenic mutation (Takahashi et al, 1985). Thus, UV-mediated superactivation of the mutant Ret kinase, which was originally demonstrated in vitro (Kato et al, 2000), probably occurred also in vivo. The signal triggered through superactivation of Rfp-Ret kinase by UV might have promoted the production of Rfp-Ret together with ERK and c-Jun, although alternative mechanisms remain to be excluded. Whatever the underlying mechanism is, our data suggest that UV-induced full activation of a single oncogene and its product is included in the mechanism of malignant melanocytic tumor promotion, in addition to previously reported stepwise recruitment of multiple oncogene activations (Ziegler et al, 1994) and defects in the host defense mechanism (Kripke, 1979). This may stimulate new experiments for fully understanding the general mechanism of malignant tumor promotion following initiation.We thank K. Ban, Y. Umeda, Y. Kato, H. Saeki, and K. Uchiyama for their technical assistance.
Nurse-guided education has changed self-care behaviour of patients with heart failure in several important aspects, as weight and blood monitoring, and has increased their knowledge and understanding of the disease and treatment. However, these improvements have not been reflected in a better compliance of treatment and sodium restricted diet. Such aspects need more and more work to obtain better results.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.