& This paper provides an overview of the response of grandstands to dynamic crowd loading. It summarizes the guidance which is currently available in the UK and how it has been developed. The interaction between structures and crowds is then considered for both jumping and stationary crowds. A model for jumping loads is given, and the frequency range for jumping and the dynamic crowd eect are discussed. Numerical modelling of grandstands and the determination of structural response are considered, together with possible structural modi®cations to improve dynamic behaviour. Next, the testing of structures is examined and the results from tests on a range of grandstands summarized, including the characteristics of empty structures and response to crowd loading during concerts and sports events. Finally, vibration serviceability levels are considered and some other design considerations discussed.
This paper considers the problem of human acceptance of vibration in grandstands. It adopts the BS frequency weighting methodology and uses the vibration dose value (VDV) as an indication of when adverse comments may be expected. Measurements were taken on a number of cantilever grandstands during concerts and football matches. These were analysed to determine peak accelerations and VDVs and some empirical relationships were derived. As human reaction at these events relates more to vibration tolerance than perception, it has been necessary to consider a logical extrapolation based on current BS guidance to suggest VDVs that are appropriate for grandstand vibration. The reactions and VDVs recorded on the grandstands appear to support this suggestion. The calculation of VDVs is also considered, but this depends to a great extent on the calculation of peak accelerations, which is considered in another paper. Finally a number of key points arising from this work are discussed.
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