Hydrogen peroxide is an effective abiotic elicitor that can induce secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants. We show that in cell suspension culture of a salt-tolerant medicinal plant Cistanche salsa, the production of bioactive components phenylethanoid glycosides (PeGs) was increased after an H 2 O 2 treatment. To identify genes related to PeGs biosynthesis affected by H 2 O 2 , we constructed a suppression subtractive hybridization library of H 2 O 2 responsive genes using a C. salsa cell line and identified 105 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and 85 genes. EST library functional annotation and gene ontology analyses showed genes related to various stress responses, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and transcriptional regulation. Among them, we identified two genes related to the PeGs biosynthesis pathway (4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), and two WRKY type transcription factors. The expressions of selected genes after the H 2 O 2 treatment were analyzed by RT-qPCR. An early increased transcription of PeGs biosynthesis pathway genes after the treatment revealed that H 2 O 2 induced PeGs biosynthesis via up-regulation of its key genes.Additional key words: cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase, suppression subtractive hybridization.
Soft-adjacent magnetic layer (SAL) coupled MRAM arrays have been developed for high density, low current applications. Instead of using shape anisotropies, free layer elements have been used strongly coupled with their adjacent-soft magnetic bit lines, forming coupling anisotropies (perpendicular to bit line directions) on free layer elements to hold stored data. MRAM array test data show that the use of the coupling anisotropies is more stable, less dependent upon free element shape distortions, and give smaller switching variation at very low switching bit line currents. It is revealed that flux closure with SAL prevents free element from middle resistance state caused by vortex.
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