Summary. 36 9‐year‐old children were given a test of image persistence in visual sensory (iconic) memory, and the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability. In the iconic memory test the subjects viewed a white disc in a tachistoscope and were required to state whether or not the disc disappeared for a short interval which ranged from 10 ms to 800 ms. The shortest disappearance perceived was taken as a measure of icon persistence. The reading test gave scores for fluency, accuracy and comprehension. All three measures of reading performance were found to be significantly related to icon persistence. Short and long image persistence resulted in a reading age on the accuracy score that was on average 1.75 years below that for moderate persistence.
Abstract-Ships of opportunity such as scheduled ferry services offer the potential for cost effective oceanographic measurements to be undertaken with a high temporal resolution. This provides a convenient mechanism to measure near surface water properties as a series of transects along regularly scheduled routes. There are many potential applications for this kind of system which can effectively compliment more traditional approaches to marine based monitoring such as instrumented moorings, buoys, satellite image analysis and dedicated research cruises. Typical applications include environmental monitoring, scientific studies of coastal and shelf seas, and the provision of validation data for numeric modeling and assimilation purposes. One such system or FerryBox has been implemented by Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL) aboard an Irish Sea passenger ferry servicing the Birkenhead to Dublin/Belfast, Ireland routes. This paper discusses the design, implementation and proposed future development of the FerryBox from an engineering based perspective. It is believed that this kind of approach represents a relatively new and novel contribution to marine based measurements and science that is progressively increasing in popularity.
Sixty nine-year-old children were grouped within sexes into three levels of dark-interval-threshold (DIT), and then both read and listened to easy and difficult prose passages which were followed by comprehension questions. A significant interaction was found between DIT, mode of presentation (reading or listening) and level of difficulty on their effect on comprehension. Generally, comprehension decreased with DIT although this was less marked when listening to the difficult material. The finding indicates that DIT reflects processes other than those involved just in the visual system. A comparison of DIT with extraversion and field-independence showed that DIT was significantly, although not highly, related to extraversion but not to field-independence.
Abstract:Transhumanism is dedicated to freeing humankind from the limitations of biological life, creating new bodies that will carry us into the future. In seeking freedom from the constraints of nature, it resembles ancient Gnosticism, but complicates the question of what the human being is. In contrast to the perspective that we are our brains, I argue that human consciousness and subjectivity originate from complex interactions between the body and the surrounding environment. These qualities emerge from a distinct set of structural couplings embodied within multiple organ systems and the multiplicity of connections within the brain. These connections take on different forms, including structural, chemical, and electrical manifestations within the totality of the human body. This embodiment suggests that human consciousness, and the intricate levels of experience that accompany it, cannot be replicated in non-organic forms such as computers or synaptic implants without a significant loss to human identity. The Gnostic desire to escape our embodiment found in transhumanism carries the danger of dissolving the human being.
Groups of seven and eleven year old children were given a test of visual perlormanee in which they viewed a small white disc on a black background in a tachistoscope and reported whether the disc appeared to disappear when the experimenter switched very briefly to a second completely black field. The shortest disappearance reported was taken as a measure of their dark interval threshold. The threshold decreased with age for girls, who also had a higher threshold than boys at both ages. When the subjects were grouped according to their threshold, the girls at seven and eleven who had a moderate threshold were superior on reading accuracy to those oflow and high thfeshold. For the boys this was so at eleven, but not at seven. Riding et Pugh (1977) ont ttudit le rapport entre la persistance dans le systkme visuel et l'exactitude et la comprChension de lecture chez les enfants de neuf ans. Dans le test de fonctionnement visuel, les sujets ont observt dans un tachistoscope, sans interruption, un disque blanc d'un cm de diamktre, sur un fond noir. L'exptrimentateur pouvait, par t r b courtes intervalles, changer 5 un deuxicme champ, tout fair noir. Quand il a fait ceci, il y a eu un ltger clignotement de 1'arrii.re-plan. O n n'avait pas dit aux sujets que chaque lois qu'il y avait un clignotement le disque ttait momentankment disparu. O n a fait plusieurs intervalles noires, d'aucun ordre, et la plus courte pendant laquelle le sujet a rapport6 que le disque ktait disparu faisait le point d'intervalle noire. Ces points duraient, entre 20 et 300 rnillisecondes, avec une moyenne de 102 millisecondes. Quand on a group6 les sujets selon leurs propres points on a trouvC que I'exactitude et la comprthension de lecture les plus marquees selon le Neale Analysis of Reading Abzlzty (Neale, 1966), se trouvaient chex ceux de point modtr6. Les sujets de point bas et de point haut avaient un savoir-lire, bast sur I'eficacitC et la comprthension, qui Ctait, en moyenne, 1.75 ans au dessous de celui de point modtrC. RESUME Le fonctionnement uisuel et la lecture chez les enfants de sept ans et onze ansLe but de cette Ctude ttait de constater si on trouverait le mtme efFet chez des enfants plus jeunes (de sept ans) et plus ggts (d'onze ans), et aussi de consid6rer des difF6rences attribuables aux sexes. Les sujets comprenaient 98 enfants de sept ans (46 garcons et 52 filles) et 81 enfants d'onze ans (38 garcons et 43 filles). 11s Ctaient tous des enfants de ces Bges-1P qui venaient de la mtme tcole urbaine, qui n'avaient pas de dCfaut visuel et qui ne portaient pas des lunettes.
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