Leaf, stem, and stripe rusts are the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. In southern Sonora, Mexico, leaf rust is endemic and has caused serious epiphytotics; proper control relies on breeding for resistance and fungicide applications. The extensive utilization of chemicals to control diseases of plants, the emergence of resistant phytopathogens to fungicides, and the damage to the health of producers and consumers, has promoted the search for viable alternatives that guaranty a sustainable agriculture production, minimizing the impact on the environment. In this work, the biofungicides Roya Out® and Best Ultra®F were evaluated for control of leaf rust on cultivar CIRNO C2008, under a randomized complete block experimental design with three replications. After one application of the biofungicides and the inoculation with a urediniospore suspension, two other applications were carried out. Disease severity was evaluated following Cobb´s modified scale and the analysis of variance was performed with SAS, and the mean comparison with Duncan´s multiple range test (α = 0.05). Other variables measured were: spike length and weight, number of grains per spike, grain length and weight, a thousand grain weight, and grain yield per plot. The disease showed up during the soft dough stage and disease severity was 32% for plots treated with Best Ultra®F, 27% with Roya Out®, and 25% in the untreated check plots. Despite the infection, the highest grain yield estimated was obtained from plots treated with Roya Out® (7.22 t ha-1), followed by Best Ultra®F (7.03), and the untreated check (6.12 t ha-1).
The reaction to Tilletiaindica of one thousand and ninety twobread wheat advanced lines were evaluated in the field during the crop season 2016-2017. Sowing in beds with two rows was carried out on November 11 and 24, 2016, using 8 g of seed. Five spikes per line were inoculated by injection with 1 mL of an allantoidsporidial suspension (10,000/mL) during the boot stage, and at maturity the percentage of infection was determined by counting healthy and infected grains. The range of infection in the first date was 0-88.83 with a mean of 31.81%, while in the second date it was 0-82.65% with a mean of 24.44%.The range of infection of the two dates was 0.46-83.71% with a mean of 28.12%.Sixteenlines showed a percentage of infection equal or below 5.0% in both dates, and out of those lines, the following five showed less than 2.5%: two sister lines of MUNAL#1/FRANCOLIN#1*2/3/ATTILA*2/PBW65//MURGA(CMSS12Y00701T-099TOPM-099Y-099M-0SY-13M-0WGY), MUNAL#1/FRANCOLIN#1*2/3/ATTILA*2/PBW65//MURGA (CMSS12Y00701T-099TOPM-099Y-099M-0SY-17M-0WGY), BAJ#1/3/KIRITATI//ATTILA*2/PASTOR*2/4/MUTUS*2/TECUE#1, VILLAJUAREZF2009/6/ATTILA/3*BCN//BAV92/3/PASTOR/4/TACUPETOF2001*2/BRAMBLING/5/PAURAQ, and KACHU/BECARD//WBLL1*2/BRAMBLING/4/FRET2/TUKURU//FRET2/3/MUNAL#1. Lines with the highest percentage of infection were: BABAX/LR42//BABAX*2/3/KUKUNA/4/CROSBILL#1/5/BECARD/6/KSW/SAUAL//SAUAL/7/BABAX/LR42//BABAX*2/3/KUKUNA/4/CROSBILL#1/5/BECARD with 88.83 in the first date,MUU/KBIRD//2*KACHU/KIRITATIwith 84.77 and 82.65%in the first and second date, respectively, and TACUPETOF2001*2/BRAMBLING//WBLL1*2/BRAMBLING/6/WBLL1*2/KURUKU*2/5/REH/HARE//2*BCN/3/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(213)//PGO/4/HUITES/7/BAV92//IRENA/KAUZ/3/HUITES/4/2*ROLF07 with 81.67% in the first date. The average of the three highest levels of infection of the susceptible checkwas99.7%.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production is constantly compromised by a complex of pathogens which cause wilt and root rot (WRR). Therefore, biological control and organic products have regained great importance in the last few years. In this work, polyphenols were obtained from ethanolic extracts through the ultrasound-microwave assisted technique from the plant species chinese privet leaves (Ligustrum lucidum) and moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera). A qualitative analysis through reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-MS) was conducted, so that their biological effectiveness under greenhouse conditions was determined by each group of polyphenols against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, Fusarium solani, and Macrophomina phaseolina which comprise the wilt and root rot complex. A complete randomized block design was established with three blocks and five treatments with nine replications each. Treatments were: Polyphenols of Ligustrum lucidum, polyphenols of Moringa oleifera, the fungicide Benomyl, the inoculated check, and the untreated check. The analysis of variance was performed and mean comparison with Duncan`s multiple range test (0.05). The results indicate that all groups of polyphenol had in their chemical composition, some compounds of known microbial activity, such as hydroxycinnamic acid, flavones, anthocyanins, catechins, and alkyphenols. Under greenhouse conditions, plants that had the lowest incidence and severity of the disease, were those treated with polyphenols from L. lucidum with 66% incidence, and were statistically different to the rest of the treatments.
ABSTRACT A study was conducted with seven advanced bread wheat lines to determine grain yield, a thousand grain weight, grain length, grain weight per spike, number of grains per spike, spike length and spike weight, at the Norman E. Borlaug Experimental Station in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, during the 2019-2020 crop season. Plots were 100 m long on three beds, 0.80 m apart, with two rows, and three replications; seed density was 100 kg/ha. Sowing date was December 14, 2019. Experimental lines were generated by the Global Wheat Program from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, and they are candidates for commercial release by the National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture, and Livestock Research in Mexico. Genotypes BORL14*2/5/ATTILA/3*BCN*2//BAV92/3/ KIRITATI/WBLL1/4/DANPHE, BORL14*2//MUNAL#1/FRANCOLIN#1, and PREMIO /4/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//KAUZ/3/PIFED/5/BORL14, showed the highest grain yield with 7.1, 7, and 6.9 t/ha, respectively, which can compete with current bread wheat cultivars in southern Sonora, Mexico, like Borlaug 100. The third line also showed the highest a thousand grain weight, grain length, grain weight per spike, and spike weight. RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio con siete líneas avanzadas de trigo pan para determinar el rendimiento de grano, peso de mil granos, longitud de grano, peso de grano por espiga, número de granos por espiga, longitud de espiga y peso de espiga, en la Estación Experimental Norman E. Borlaug en el Valle del Yaqui, Sonora, México, durante la temporada de cultivo 2019-2020. Las parcelas tuvieron una longitud de 100 m en tres camas, separadas 0.80 m, con dos hileras y tres repeticiones; la densidad de semilla fue de 100 kg/ha. La fecha de siembra fue el 14 de diciembre de 2019. Las líneas experimentales fueron generadas por el Programa Global de Trigo del Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, y son candidatas a ser liberadas comercialmente por el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias de México. Los genotipos BORL14*2/5/ATTILA/3*BCN*2//BAV92/3/ KIRITATI/WBLL1/4/DANPHE, BORL14*2//MUNAL#1/FRANCOLIN#1, y PREMIO /4/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//KAUZ/3/PIFED/5/BORL14, mostraron el mayor rendimiento de grano con 7. 1, 7 y 6.9 t/ha, respectivamente, que pueden competir con los cultivares actuales de trigo pan en el sur de Sonora, México, como Borlaug 100. La tercera línea también mostró el mayor peso de mil granos, longitud de grano, peso de grano por espiga y peso de espiga.
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