La producción de trigo harinero (Triticum aestivum L. Thell.) en el sur de Sonora se ha reducido desde fines de los años 90 (Melis-Cota, 2008), después de la apertura del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, debido principalmente a la falta de competitividad del trigo nacional por su elevado costo de producción, transportación y calidad deficiente respecto al trigo importado. El Programa de Trigo del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) en el noroeste de México (Sonora, Baja California, Sinaloa y Baja California Sur), ha contribuido a disminuir la brecha en el costo/beneficio y la calidad entre el trigo nacional y el importado, mediante la selección de variedades por rendimiento, resistencia a enfermedades, calidad y optimización del manejo agronómico (Camacho-Casas et al., 2007; Figueroa-López et al., 2008). Se suma además, el abastecimiento local que reduce los costos de transporte.
Leaf, stem, and stripe rusts are the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. In southern Sonora, Mexico, leaf rust is endemic and has caused serious epiphytotics; proper control relies on breeding for resistance and fungicide applications. The extensive utilization of chemicals to control diseases of plants, the emergence of resistant phytopathogens to fungicides, and the damage to the health of producers and consumers, has promoted the search for viable alternatives that guaranty a sustainable agriculture production, minimizing the impact on the environment. In this work, the biofungicides Roya Out® and Best Ultra®F were evaluated for control of leaf rust on cultivar CIRNO C2008, under a randomized complete block experimental design with three replications. After one application of the biofungicides and the inoculation with a urediniospore suspension, two other applications were carried out. Disease severity was evaluated following Cobb´s modified scale and the analysis of variance was performed with SAS, and the mean comparison with Duncan´s multiple range test (α = 0.05). Other variables measured were: spike length and weight, number of grains per spike, grain length and weight, a thousand grain weight, and grain yield per plot. The disease showed up during the soft dough stage and disease severity was 32% for plots treated with Best Ultra®F, 27% with Roya Out®, and 25% in the untreated check plots. Despite the infection, the highest grain yield estimated was obtained from plots treated with Roya Out® (7.22 t ha-1), followed by Best Ultra®F (7.03), and the untreated check (6.12 t ha-1).
La variedad comercial Ónavas F2009 fue desarrollada en el Campo Experimental Norman E. Borlaug, en un proyecto colaborativo entre INIFAP y CIMMYT, para las áreas productoras de los estados de Sinaloa, Sonora, Baja California Sur y Baja California en México. Su pedigrí es KAMBARA1*2/BRAMBLING, y su historial de selección CGSS01B00069T-099Y-099M-099M-099Y-099M-20Y- 0B. Ónavas F2009 cuenta con el registro TRI-121-100910 del Catálogo Nacional de Variedades Vegetales del Servicio Nacional de Inspección y Certificación de Semillas. Esta variedad es de hábito de crecimiento primaveral y resistente a la roya de la hoja (Puccinia triticina), con rendimiento experimental promedio de grano de 6.012 t ha-1 con tres riegos de auxilio, en cuatro fechas de siembra. En parcelas con agricultores cooperantes del sur de Sonora, Ónavas F2009 promedió 6.816 t ha-1 en los ciclos agrícolas 2009- 2010 y 2010-2011, por lo que representa una nueva opción de trigo harinero para los agricultores del noroeste del país.
The reaction to Tilletiaindica of one thousand and ninety twobread wheat advanced lines were evaluated in the field during the crop season 2016-2017. Sowing in beds with two rows was carried out on November 11 and 24, 2016, using 8 g of seed. Five spikes per line were inoculated by injection with 1 mL of an allantoidsporidial suspension (10,000/mL) during the boot stage, and at maturity the percentage of infection was determined by counting healthy and infected grains. The range of infection in the first date was 0-88.83 with a mean of 31.81%, while in the second date it was 0-82.65% with a mean of 24.44%.The range of infection of the two dates was 0.46-83.71% with a mean of 28.12%.Sixteenlines showed a percentage of infection equal or below 5.0% in both dates, and out of those lines, the following five showed less than 2.5%: two sister lines of MUNAL#1/FRANCOLIN#1*2/3/ATTILA*2/PBW65//MURGA(CMSS12Y00701T-099TOPM-099Y-099M-0SY-13M-0WGY), MUNAL#1/FRANCOLIN#1*2/3/ATTILA*2/PBW65//MURGA (CMSS12Y00701T-099TOPM-099Y-099M-0SY-17M-0WGY), BAJ#1/3/KIRITATI//ATTILA*2/PASTOR*2/4/MUTUS*2/TECUE#1, VILLAJUAREZF2009/6/ATTILA/3*BCN//BAV92/3/PASTOR/4/TACUPETOF2001*2/BRAMBLING/5/PAURAQ, and KACHU/BECARD//WBLL1*2/BRAMBLING/4/FRET2/TUKURU//FRET2/3/MUNAL#1. Lines with the highest percentage of infection were: BABAX/LR42//BABAX*2/3/KUKUNA/4/CROSBILL#1/5/BECARD/6/KSW/SAUAL//SAUAL/7/BABAX/LR42//BABAX*2/3/KUKUNA/4/CROSBILL#1/5/BECARD with 88.83 in the first date,MUU/KBIRD//2*KACHU/KIRITATIwith 84.77 and 82.65%in the first and second date, respectively, and TACUPETOF2001*2/BRAMBLING//WBLL1*2/BRAMBLING/6/WBLL1*2/KURUKU*2/5/REH/HARE//2*BCN/3/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(213)//PGO/4/HUITES/7/BAV92//IRENA/KAUZ/3/HUITES/4/2*ROLF07 with 81.67% in the first date. The average of the three highest levels of infection of the susceptible checkwas99.7%.
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