The influence of climate upon a plant disease is a consequence of the causal agent and its interaction with the host plant. Plants present distinctive elements by the effect of climate, whether they are adverse or beneficial to their growth and development, as well as for their exposure or protection from those climatic factors. The objective of this work was to analyze the influence of temperature and relative humidity in relation to commercial wheat fields which presented leaf rust in different areas of the southern region of the state of Sonora, Mexico, during the crop seasons 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020. Weather data were recorded from 23 weather stations that belong to the automated weather station network of the state of Sonora which comprise the Yaqui and Mayo Valleys. A Voronoi diagram was constructed to delimit the region which corresponded to each weather station, and so to locate each of the commercial wheat fields with leaf rust incidence, in order to analyze the weeks in which disease incidence was high. A “t student test” of independent samples was performed in order to compare the weather variables (average, maximum and minimum temperature, as well as relative humidity) during the three crop seasons, from the weather stations where commercial wheat fields were detected with the presence of leaf rust, with respect to those where the disease was not present. Relative humidity was the main key factor for the presence of leaf rust, since it is the variable where the mean of groups with and without the presence of leaf rust, showed statistical significant difference in each crop season, unlike the average and the minimum temperature which showed difference only during the 2017-2018 crop season, and the maximum temperature during 2019-2020.
During the last ten years, the agricultural area in southern Sonora, Mexico, has had greater hourly temperature oscillation associated to the growth cycle of common bean sown during the fall. The objective of this work was to evaluate the thermal impact caused by the high frequency of extreme temperatures on production of commercial bean during the fall-winter season 2021-2022. Four commercial fields were selected based on the irrigation system used (drip and gravity), two in each of the Yaqui and Mayo Valleys. Weather data were recorded by the automated weather station network of Sonora closest to each field and also from digital sensors installed within the crop. The results obtained indicated that the temperature recorded with the digital sensor, provided better relationship with the data taken in the commercial bean fields than the temperature recorded by the weather stations. The periods of extreme temperature ≥ 33 °C affected production of trifoliates, flowers, and pods in both cultivars evaluated Pinto Saltillo and Azufrado Higuera. The highest grain yield 3,860 kg ha-1 was obtained in the drip irrigated field in the Mayo Valley with a total water sheet of 42 cm, followed by the gravity irrigated field in the Yaqui Valley with 3,560 kg ha-1 and a total water sheet of 62 cm.
Veinte líneas avanzadas de triticale se evaluaron para resistencia a carbón parcial durante el ciclo agrícola otoño-invierno 2015-2016 en el Campo Experimental Norman E. Borlaug, en el Valle del Yaqui, Sonora, Mexico. Las fechas de siembra fueron noviembre 12 y 19, 2015. Se inyectó 1 mL de una suspensión de esporidios alantoides (10,000/mL) durante el embuche en diez espigas por línea. Se utilizó un sistema de microaspersión para proveer un ambiente húmedo en el área experimental. El testigo susceptible KBSUS se incluyó en la evaluación como referencia para el porcentaje de infección. La cosecha y trilla de las espigas inoculadas se hicieron manualmente, y el conteo de granos infectados y sanos y la evaluación mediante inspección visual. El rango de infección para la primera fecha de siembra fue de 0 a 7.5%, con un promedio de 1.3 y para la segunda fue de 0 a 2.0%, con un promedio de 0.4. Cinco líneas no presentaron granos infectados en ambas fechas, doce estuvieron en la categoría de infección de 0.1-2.5 y tres en la categoría 2.6-5.0%. La media de los tres porcentajes más altos de infección del testigo susceptible fue de 100%. Presentaron los porcentajes promedio más altos de infección de las dos fechas de siembra: BAT*2/BCN//CAAL/3/ERIZO_7/BAGAL_2//FARAS_1/6/ ARLIN_3/ALTAR84//SNP/2*BLANCO, RYE/4/DAHBI_6/3/ARDI_1/TOPO1419//ERIZO_ 9/5/YOGUI_3/ERIZO_11//ONA_2/POSS_1-2 con 2.57, LIRON_2/5/DISB5/3/SPHD/ PVN//YOGUI_6/4/KER_3/6/BULL_10/MANATI_1/7/ASNO/ARDI_3//ERIZO_7/3/VARSA_3/4/TESMO_1/MUSX 603//FAHAD_4/5/FAHAD_1/6/DAHBI//ONA_2/POSS_1-2 con 3.72 y 95T159/4/T1502_WG/MOLOC_4//RHINO_3/BULL_1-1/3/POLLMER_3/FOCA_2-1/5/ CAAL/3/T1494_WG//ERIZO_10/2*BULL_1-1 con 3.76%. Estas dos últimas líneas presentaron los porcentajes más altos de infección con 5.73 y 7.53%, respectivamente, en la primera fecha.
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