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The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. The trials were funded as part of routine administration work carried out by HM Revenue and Customs. Michael Hallsworth is currently employed by the Behavioural Insights Team. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

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