Computerized rhinomanomatry with the practical software programmes is used widely as a research tool to evaluate objectively nasal air flow and resistance parametres, while the increase of its clinical application may be facilitated by further standardization of the method. The aim of the study was to determine the total nasal resistance normal values in healthy adult population using a method of computerized rhinomanometry. A randomized sample of 108 white healthy adults (216 nasal cavities), both sexs with a mean age of 32 (20 -45) years comprised the test group. Nasal patency was measured by active anterior rhinomanometry in non-decongested mucosa ("at rest") during 10 repetitive measurements at inspiratory and expiratory reference pressure of 150 Pa. Nasal resistance was measured and calculated accoding to the recommendations of the Committee on objective assessment of the nasal airway, International Rhinologic Society.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT) is very rare tumour in Serbia, like in most of the countries of Europe, with incidence less than 0.5 per 100,000 people per year. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the UCNT of a non-endemic population in Serbia and identify the main clinical parameters that interfere with patients' survival rate. This study included 102 patients with UCNT who were diagnosed between 1996 and 2003. Biopsies were analysed for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) by in situ hybridization of tumour tissue microarray. Of 102 patients, 76 were men and 26 were women with ages ranging between 18 and 82 years (median 52.5, mean 53.0±14.1). Survival rates were 80, 39 and 31% for one, three and five years, respectively. Ninety-three of 102 cases were EBER positive (92%). Factors with unfavourable prognostic values were age over 50 years at the time of diagnosis, advanced clinical stage, therapy other than chemoradiotherapy and EBER negative status. In regard to the clinical data, EBER expression in UCNT was shown to be a strong independent predictor of overall and progression-free survival. To our knowledge, the current report constitutes the largest European non-endemic series of UCNT samples from a single institution with correlation between survival and clinical parameters/EBER status.

The objective of our study was to analyze the intensity of subjective symptoms and objective findings of endoscopy and CT scanning in chronic rhinosinusitis, in the groups with and without nasal polyps. To evaluate the intensity of subjective symptoms visual analogue scale (VAS) was used, while scores were obtained by adding grades. Endoscopic finding was given in scores recommended by Lanza and Kennedy and CT results were presented by Lund-Mackay scoring system. The study included 90 consecutive adult patients, 47 males (52%) and 43 females (48%), mean age 45 years. The group with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (uncomplicated form) consisted of 30 patients, while the group with polyps (complicated form) included 60 patients. Comparing mean intensity values of all subjective symptoms between these two groups we found out that nasal obstruction, nasal secretion and hyposmia were significantly more manifested in the polyp group (P<0.01). Facial congestion was also more manifested in the polyp group (P<0.05). Mean score value of major symptoms was 35.55 in the polyp group, and 23.13 in the group without polyps (P<0.01). Mean value of total symptom scores was 48.68 in the polyp group, and 35.00 in the group without polyps (P<0.01). Endoscopic score was approximately 9.03 in the polyp group, and 2.43 in the group without polyps (P<0.01). CT score was 16.05 on an average in the polyp group, and 4.37 in the group without polyps (P<0.01). Chronic rhinosinusitis complicated by nasal polyposis is characterized by higher degree of nasal obstruction, nasal secretion, hyposmia and facial congestion, which results in higher score of major and total score of symptoms, respectively. This form is also characterized by worse objective findings, which is reflected in higher endoscopic and CT scores.

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201-Tl SPECT and Tc-99m MIBI SPECT are useful for detecting primary UCNT, residual/recurrent disease, and lymph node involvement. This use is particularly valuable after chemoradiotherapy when CT/MRI may be ambiguous.

Foreign bodies of the nose are relatively frequent in pediatric population, while in the adults, they are usually seen in disturbed persons. Overlooked nasal foreign bodies may be singled out as a special entity. They become rhinolites over time with latent period of several decades. Our paper illustrates an overlooked foreign body in the nose--i.e. encrusted plastic bead which, after the asymptomatic period of 48 years, induced the unilateral mucopurulent and ichorous secretion from the nose. Rhinolite should be suspected if radiological diagnostics detected calcified mass in the nose together with unilateral nasal symptomatology. Surgical removal of rhinolite results in complete management of such problem. This case indicates the significance of medical history data and examination of nasal cavity in any adult patient with unilateral nasal symptomatology which is refractory to conservative treatment. Computerized tomography of paranasal sinuses is an important adjunct diagnostic tool in indefinite cases. Nevertheless, it often happens that only the extraction of rhinolite indicates the diagnosis that is not usually suspected in adult persons.

Presense of thrombocytosis and idiopatic thrombosis can suggest occult malignancy. It would be prudent to further evaluate the relationship of trombotic events, trombocitosis and head and neck tumors. We suggest anticoagulants to prevent thromboembolic complications, affect the angiogenesis and prevent development of metastatic disease. It may lead to lower mortality rate.

Zorubicin is an effective drug in UCNT and its combination with cisplatin has a significant activity and an acceptable toxicity.