The in situ rehardening effect was compared between Cheddar cheese consumption and saliva secretion with and without a fluoride pretreatment on softened human enamel. Ten volunteers wearing prostheses which held slices of human enamel participated in this study. Average microhardness of enamel was determined on the surface at baseline, after exposing to an acidic beverage, after exposing to saliva and mastication of cheese, with and without a mouth F prerinse (10 ml Meridol containing 0.025% F). The rehardening was increased in the groups consuming cheese compared to the saliva controls. The effect was increased by an F prerinse; the initial hardness of the intact enamel surface, however, was not reached.

Intramammary infections change the composition of milk and increase electrical conductivity of milk and decrease milk electrical resistance. Electrical conductivity has been used to detect mastitis during last four decades. The aim of this research was to examine the reliability of the milk electrical conductivity measuring in detection of subclinical mastitis. The experiment was conducted on a dairy farm of Holstein-Friesian breed. A total of 113 quarter milk samples were examined, 55 samples from cows in first stage of lactation and 58 from cows in third stage of lactation. Electrical conductivity (EC) of milk samples was detected by Hand-held EC meter (Draminski mastitis detector). Quarter milk samples for bacteriological analysis were taken aseptically during the morning milking in sterile test tubes. Bacteria growth was not detected in 60 quarter milk samples (53.1%), while in the other 53 samples bacteria was found (46.9%). The most common isolated bacteria in first and third stage of lactation was Corynebacterium spp. (38.9%) and coagulase - negative staphylococci (3.54%). High quality and healthy milk with Draminski mastitis detector was observed in 59.29% of the samples (67/113). Cows with mastitis may not always show an increased EC of milk from the infected quarter. Electrical conductivity of milk can give useful informations about udder health status, but hand-held EC meters, such as Draminski mastitis detector, cannot be used alone in diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31034]

The aim of the present study was to determine the degree of blood glucose utilization by peripheral tissue on the basis of changes in blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and inorganic phosphorus in healthy (n=8) and cows with ketosis (n=7) after intravenous infusion of glucose solution. After intravenous infusion of a total of 500 ml of 50 % of glucose solution, glucose and insulin blood values in both groups of cows increased significantly within 10 and 30 minutes of the experiment (P < 0.05). After intravenous infusion of glucose, it was established that values of inorganic phosphorus were decreased (P < 0.05) in blood in both groups of cows. Within testing period there was a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the blood value of inorganic phosphorus in ketotic cows in comparison with healthy ones. This is linked with the active entry of glucose into the glucolytic pathway of peripheral tissues. It can thus be concluded that there is a higher degree of blood glucose utilization by peripheral tissues in ketotic cows. [[Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR31001]

The COST action “Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control),” aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.

Control of udder health is an essential element in the process of safe milk production. Thus through the mastitis control program dairy farms regularly conduct measures of detection and prevention of udder diseases. Subclinical mastitis is an important disease of dairy cows causing economic losses and physical and chemical changes in milk. The aim of this research was to evaluate the usefulness of the California and the Draminski mastitis test to detect the subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. The efficacy of indirect mastitis tests for diagnosis of the subclinical mastitis was determined by comparing results of mastitis tests with bacteriological findings. The experiment was conducted on two dairy farms (farm A and farm B) Holstein -Friesian breed. A total of 245 quarter milk samples were examined, 95 quarter milk samples with the California mastitis test from farm A and 150 quarter milk samples with the Draminski mastitis test from farm B. A quarter milk samples for bacteriological analysis were taken aseptically during the morning milking in sterile test tubes. On farm A, bacteria growth has not been detected in 46.32% (44/95) quarter milk samples, while on farm B negative bacteriological findings have been found in 50.67% samples (76/150). In present study, sensitivity of the California mastitis test (78.57%) is higher than sensitivity of the Draminski mastitis test (74.32%). The specificity of the California mastitis test and the Draminski mastitis test is 82.05% and 30.26%, respectively. Efficacy of the California mastitis test in detection of the subclinical mastitis in dairy cows is better than that of the Draminski mastitis test, since accuracy of the California mastitis test has been higher.

No abstract

Mastitis is one of the most important health problems in dairy cows. In addition to thehealth aspect and the apparent impact on animal welfare, mastitis is the largest financial cost in dairyfarms due to treatment costs and rejected milk because of the withdrawal period, as well aspermanently reduced milk production or complete lactation interruption in heavy form of mastitis.The procedure and the outcome of the treatment depend on the form of udder inflammation, degreeof tissue alteration, timing of treatment initiation and the application of adequate preparations or theappropriate procedure. The outcome of therapy can be full restitution of parenchyma and its functionor deterioration of the glandular parenchyma and filling with connective tissue. Nowadays, inconditions of intensive milk production, mastitis therapy is only part of a mastitis control programthat puts mastitis prevention at the forefront. In case of clinical mastitis, it is necessary to applytherapy during lactation.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selenium concentration in early lactation on mammary gland health and histological characteristics of the udder. The experiment included 30 high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows. Selenium concentrations in blood and milk serum, and the average somatic cell count in the first and sixth months of lactation were analyzed. After exclusion of the experimental cows from the herd, histological characteristics of the udder were examined (the degree of leukocyte infiltration and the number of granulomas in the parenchyma). The mean selenium concentration in the blood serum was 0.62±0.11 mmol/L and that in the milk serum was 0.12±0.07 mmol/L. Optimal blood levels of selenium were found in 19 cows and suboptimal levels in 11 cows. A significant negative correlation was observed between blood and milk selenium concentrations and somatic cell count in early and mid lactation. There was no relationship between blood selenium concentration, milk selenium concentration and the amount of milk produced. Selenium-deficient cows had a significantly higher milk somatic cell count in early and mid lactation and significantly lower levels of selenium in milk. Upon histological analysis, 120 samples of individual quarters of the udder were grouped according to the degree of leukocyte infiltration and number of granulomas. Results showed that an increase in the degree of leukocyte infiltration and number of granulomas leads to an increase in the proportion of quarters from selenium-deficient cows and a decline in the percentage of quarters from cows exhibiting normal blood selenium concentrations. Selenium has a significant impact on udder health. Changes caused by selenium deficiency occur due to marked inflammation process in the mammary gland.