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Traditional support policies for green energy have greatly contributed to the rise in prosumer numbers.However, it is believed that they will soon start to exert negative impact on stakeholders and on the grid. Policy makers advise to phase out two of the most widely applied policies -net metering and feed-in tariff, in favor of support policies that scale better with rising renewable generation. This work quantifies the impact of these traditional policies in future "what-if" scenarios and confirms the need for their replacement. Based on simulations with real data, we compare net metering and feed-in tariff to four state-of-the-art marketbased mechanisms, which involve auction, negotiation and bitcoin-like currency. The paper examines the extent to which each of these mechanisms motivates not only green energy production but also its consumption. The properties and characteristics of the above mechanisms are evaluated from the perspective of key stakeholders in the low voltage grid -prosumers, consumers and energy providers. The outcome of this study sheds light on current and future issues that are relevant for policy makers in the evolving landscape of the smart grid.

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While transparent optical networks become more and more popular as the basis of the Next Generation Internet (NGI) infrastructure, such networks raise many security issues, which do not exist in traditional optoelectronic networks. The existing protection schemes which rely heavily on fault detection due to the use of network monitoring performed by the use of optoelectronic conversion at the switching nodes, is not sufficient to provide security assurance for all optical networks which lack the massive use of optoelectronic monitoring and require timely protection from malicious sabotage as well as inadvertent faults. In order to increase the security of future networks, them will need to use reactive mechanisms and self-organize through multipath routing (MPR) to protect themselves from potential failures caused by malicious new attacks and ordinary reliability problems. If we make the analogy to the human immunization system's primary defense mechanism, MPR will act as the primary defense mechanism reacting timely to network problems and evolving based on network information. In this paper we are proposing the use MPR as an instinct immediate network reaction to failures and attacks in transparent networks; after the nodes transmit the data and causes of failure are classified, better self organized decisions can be used based on changing routing output priorities to reach destination. INTRODUCTIONTransparent all-optical networks (AON) are becoming more and more attractive due to their ability to reduce power consumption and cost based on the less use of transponders in the network, they can also avoid the bottleneck of optoelectronic conversion and switching at each node. However, transparency raises many security vulnerabilities as well as reliability issues which do not exist in traditional optoelectronic networks [1]. In WDM systems, multiple optical signals co-propagate in fiber and optical components, possibly affecting each other directly or indirectly. Then, the quality of a signal is sometimes dependent on or degraded by other signals. Moreover, in a transparent network, it is desired that signals are not regenerated between source and destination unless it is absolutely necessary [2]. It has been discussed in [3] how signals can be maliciously designed to pass through transparent components, causing undesirable effects at remote components and degrading other signals passing through the components. While there are many reliability studies to defeat physical layer impairment problems in AONs, these measures require human intervention to adapt the network to failures that are most likely to happen. Apart from component failures and accidental fiber cuts, networks are vulnerable to attackers capable of disrupting a network from the physical level up to the transport level. Usually, attackers are more interested in failures that can be repeated and controlled, especially if those created failures are rare. In addition, attackers may use automated software to repeatedly cause a fault far more often than i...